Table 3. Adjusted associations between overall inadequate early childhood development and alcohol and tobacco consumption.
| Predictor | Model 1 * | Model 2 * | Model 3 * | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Proportion of daily tobacco smokers | 15.080 ** | 2.040; 111.400 | 5.527 | 0.476; 64.220 | ||
| Proportion of alcohol consumption | 13.410 ** | 2.986; 60.240 | 9.415 ** | 1.856; 47.770 | ||
| Number of homicides *** | 1.179 ** | 1.051; 1.323 | 1.196 ** | 1.053; 1.358 | 1.194 ** | 1.057; 1.350 |
| Population density by municipality # | 0.947 ** | 0.906; 0.989 | 0.946 ** | 0.904; 0.991 | 0.939 ** | 0.897; 0.984 |
| Functional difficulties | ||||||
| No | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | |||
| Yes | 1.013 ** | 1.005; 1.020 | 1.012 ** | 1.004; 1.020 | 1.012 ** | 1.004; 1.020 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Elementary or less | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | |||
| Middle school | 1.002 | 0.648; 1.550 | 1.002 | 0.650; 1.546 | 0.995 | 0.645; 1.534 |
| High school | 0.628 ** | 0.397; 0.992 | 0.617 ** | 0.390; 0.975 | 0.620 ** | 0.392; 0.981 |
| Higher education | 0.443 ** | 0.223; 0.880 | 0.430 ** | 0.217; 0.854 | 0.434 ** | 0.219; 0.861 |
| Household wealth quintiles | ||||||
| Very poor | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | |||
| Poor | 0.647 | 0.412; 1.015 | 0.614 ** | 0.390; 0.967 | 0.612 ** | 0.390; 0.962 |
| Middle | 0.654 | 0.385; 1.112 | 0.613 | 0.364; 1.032 | 0.611 | 0.364; 1.026 |
| Wealthy | 0.810 | 0.432; 1.517 | 0.778 | 0.413; 1.465 | 0.766 | 0.408; 1.440 |
| Very wealthy | 0.696 | 0.359; 1.349 | 0.653 | 0.333; 1.279 | 0.641 | 0.327; 1.255 |
| Maternal age | 0.976 | 0.948; 1.004 | 0.976 | 0.948; 1.005 | 0.976 | 0.948; 1.005 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | |||
| Female | 0.547 ** | 0.384; 0.779 | 0.546 ** | 0.384; 0.777 | 0.546 ** | 0.384; 0.777 |
| Children age | 0.927 ** | 0.904; 0.951 | 0.928 ** | 0.905; 0.952 | 0.928 ** | 0.904; 0.952 |
| Domestic violence | ||||||
| No | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | 1.000 (Reference) | |||
| Yes | 1.493 ** | 1.030; 2.165 | 1.473 ** | 1.017; 2.132 | 1.481 ** | 1.023; 2.145 |
| Median OR | ||||||
| Null model | 2.082 | 1.598; 2.567 | 2.082 | 1.598; 2.567 | 2.082 | 1.598; 2.567 |
| Adjusted model | 1.829 | 1.488; 2.170 | 1.877 | 1.521; 2.233 | 1.820 | 1.482; 2.159 |
95%CI: 95% confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.
* All models were adjusted by the set of individual variables for each child: sex, age in months, functional difficulties, maternal age, maternal education, household wealth quintiles, and domestic violence;
** Significant value (p < 0.05);
*** Re-scaled using z-scores, so that a one-unit change represents a one standard deviation change in municipal services of municipalities;
# Per 1,000 inhabitants.