Table 4.
Frequency of clinical features at presentation in patients with CBD–CBS, PSP–CBS and AD–CBS
| Features at presentation | CBD–CBS (n = 16) | PSP–CBS (n = 14) | AD–CBS (n = 6) | P-value, OR [(95% CI); CBD–CBS versus PSP–CBS] | P-value, OR [(95% CI); CBD–CBS versus AD–CBS] | P-value, OR [(95% CI); PSP–CBS versus AD–CBS] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limb rigidity or bradykinesia | 15/15 (100) | 12/14 (86) | 5/6 (83) | 0.224, 6.20 (0.27–144.32) | 0.286, 8.45 (0.30–239.83) | 1.000, 1.20 (0.09–16.44) |
| Limb rigidity or bradykinesia with asymmetric presentation | 11/15 (73) | 11/14 (79) | 4/6 (67) | 1.000, 0.75 (0.14–4.17) | 1.000, 1.38 (0.18–10.65) | 0.613, 1.83 (0.22–15.33) |
| Gait disturbance | 12/15 (80) | 10/12 (83) | 5/6 (83) | 1.000, 0.80 (0.11–5.77) | 1.000, 0.80 (0.07–9.67) | 1.000, 1.00 (0.07–13.87) |
| Slow gait | 8/12 (67) | 6/12 (50) | 2/3 (67) | 0.680, 2.00 (0.38–10.41) | 0.593, 1.00 (0.07–14.64) | 1.000, 0.50 (0.04–7.10) |
| Unstable gait | 7/13 (54) | 9/12 (75) | 3/6 (50) | 0.411, 0.39 (0.07–2.13) | 1.000, 1.17 (0.17–8.09) | 0.344, 3.00 (0.38–23.68) |
| Frozen gait | 6/12 (50) | 2/12 (17) | 0/4 (0) | 0.193, 5.00 (0.75–33.21) | 0.234, 9.00 (0.40–203.31) | 1.000, 2.14 (0.08–54.23) |
| Short-step gait | 6/11 (55) | 2/12 (17) | 3/5 (60) | 0.089, 6.00 (0.87–41.22) | 1.000, 0.80 (0.09–6.85) | 0.117, 0.13 (0.01–1.39) |
| Postural instability or falls | 9/16 (56) | 7/12 (58) | 1/4 (25) | 1.000, 0.92 (0.20–4.17) | 0.582, 3.86 (0.33–45.57) | 0.569, 4.20 (0.33–53.13) |
| Dystonia | 8/14 (57) | 6/12 (50) | 0/4 (0) | 1.000, 1.33 (0.28–6.28) | 0.092, 11.77 (0.53–259.98) | 0.234, 9.00 (0.40–203.31) |
| Dystonia with asymmetric presentation | 5/14 (36) | 6/12 (50) | 0/4 (0) | 0.692, 0.56 (0.12–2.68) | 0.278, 5.21 (0.23–116.22) | 0.234, 9.00 (0.40–203.31) |
| Tremor | 3/14 (21) | 2/13 (15) | 1/5 (20) | 1.000, 1.50 (0.21–10.81) | 1.000, 1.09 (0.09–13.78) | 1.000, 0.73 (0.05–10.39) |
| Myoclonus | 4/15 (27) | 2/13 (15) | 2/5 (40) | 0.655, 2.00 (0.30–13.27) | 0.613, 0.55 (0.07–4.56) | 0.533, 0.27 (0.03–2.83) |
| Myoclonus with asymmetric presentation | 3/15 (20) | 2/13 (15) | 1/5 (20) | 1.000, 1.38 (0.19–9.83) | 1.000, 1.00 (0.08–12.56) | 1.000, 0.73 (0.05–10.39) |
| Cerebellar ataxia | 1/14 (7) | 0/13 (0) | 0/6 (0) | 1.000, 3.00 (0.11–80.40) | 1.000, 1.44 (0.05–40.54) | 1.000, 0.48 (0.01–27.09) |
| Cognitive impairment (general) | 8/14 (57) | 9/14 (64) | 2/6 (33) | 1.000, 0.74 (0.16–3.39) | 0.629, 2.67 (0.36–19.71) | 0.336, 3.60 (0.48–27.11) |
| Executive dysfunction | 8/12 (67) | 8/10 (80) | 1/2 (50) | 0.644, 0.50 (0.07–3.55) | 1.000, 2.00 (0.10–41.01) | 0.455, 4.00 (0.17–95.76) |
| Behavioural changes | 3/14 (21) | 1/11 (9) | 1/4 (25) | 0.604, 2.73 (0.24–30.67) | 1.000, 0.872 (0.06–10.00) | 0.476, 0.30 (0.01–6.38) |
| Personality change | 2/12 (17) | 1/12 (8) | 3/6 (50) | 1.000, 2.20 (0.17–28.14) | 0.268, 0.20 (0.02–1.02) | 0.083, 0.09 (0.01–1.22) |
| Limb apraxia | 6/12 (50) | 8/13 (62) | 3/4 (75) | 0.695, 0.63 (0.13–3.07) | 0.585, 0.33 (0.03–4.19) | 1.000, 0.53 (0.04–6.66) |
| Cortical sensory | 3/10 (30) | 3/7 (43) | 0/2 (0) | 0.644, 0.57 (0.08–4.30) | 1.000, 2.33 (0.09–62.69) | 0.500, 3.89 (0.14–109.00) |
| Cortical sensory with asymmetric presentation | 3/10 (30) | 3/7 (43) | 0/2 (0) | 0.644, 0.57 (0.08–4.30) | 1.000, 2.33 (0.09–62.69) | 0.500, 3.89 (0.14–109.00) |
| Alien limb | 0/13 (0) | 2/11 (18) | 0/2 (0) | 0.199, 0.14 (0.01–1.98) | 1.000, 0.19 (0.00–11.70) | 1.000, 1.32 (0.05–37.16) |
| Alien limb with asymmetric presentation | 0/13 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0/2 (0) | 1.000, 0.85 (0.02–46.42) | 1.000, 0.22 (0.00–11.70) | 1.000, 0.22 (0.00–13.81) |
| Groping, distorted speech production | 4/13 (31) | 3/10 (30) | 1/4 (25) | 1.000, 1.04 (0.17–6.23) | 1.000, 1.33 (0.10–17.10) | 1.000, 1.29 (0.09–17.96) |
| Supranuclear vertical gaze palsy or decreased velocity of vertical saccades | 5/13 (38) | 7/13 (54) | 1/6 (17) | 0.695, 0.54 (0.11–2.55) | 0.605, 3.13 (0.28–35–16) | 0.177, 5.83 (0.52–64.83) |
| Urinary incontinence | 7/15 (47) | 4/12 (33) | 1/4 (25) | 0.696, 1.75 (0.36–8.42) | 0.603, 2.63 (0.22–31.35) | 1.000, 1.50 (0.12–19.44) |
| Speech and language impairment | 7/13 (54) | 7/11 (64) | 4/5 (80) | 0.697, 0.67 (0.13–3.45) | 0.596, 0.29 (0.03–3.37) | 1.000, 0.44 (0.04–5.40) |
| Dysarthria | 4/13 (31) | 9/12 (82) | 0/4 (0) | 0.047*, 6.75 (1.16–39.20)** | 0.519, 4.26 (0.19–97.49) | 0.019*, 24.43 (1.03–580.66) |
| Slurred speech | 2/14 (14) | 3/12 (25) | 0/2 (0) | 0.635, 0.50 (0.07–3.65) | 1.000, 1.00 (0.04–27.83) | 1.000, 1.84 (0.07–48.68) |
| Pyramidal sign | 5/15 (33) | 4/13 (31) | 6/6 (100) | 1.000, 1.13 (0.23–5.54) | 0.012*, 24.82 (1.17–527.15)*** | 0.011*, 27.44 (1.25–601.61)**** |
Data are presented as n (%). Bold number indicates statistical significance. AD, Alzheimer's disease; CBD, corticobasal degeneration; CBS, corticobasal syndrome; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy [*P < 0.05 (Fisher’s exact test)]; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; OR (95% CI)**, OR [(95% CI); PSP–CBS versus CBD–CBS]; OR (95% CI)***, OR [(95% CI); AD–CBS versus CBD–CBS)]; OR (95% CI)****, OR [(95% CI); AD–CBS versus PSP–CBS].