TABLE 4.

Exhibition of health benefits of different components of Chinese olive on various diseases.

Pharmacological activities	Compounds/extracts	In vivo or in vitro	Model/method	Result/mechanism	References
Anti-Helicobacter pylori effect	Water extract and ethyl acetate extract of Chinese olive	in vitro	Standard strains and clinically resistant strains	Downregulation of virulence genes, such as urelI, alpA, alpB, flgA, cagA, vacA	Yan et al. (2022)
Anti-influenza virus A	Scopoletin and isocorilagin	in vitro	MDCK cells	Scopoletin and isocorilagin displayed significant anti-influenza virus A activities with IC50 = 22.9 ± 3.7 and IC50 = 5.42 ± 0.97 μg/mL, respectively	Yang et al. (2018)
Anti-influenza virus A	Isocorilagin	in vitro	MDCK cells	Mechanistic studies revealed that Chinese olive inhibited neuraminidase activity of IAV and directly influenced the virus release	Chen et al. (2020)
Anti-influenza virus A	Brevifolincarboxylate	in vitro	MDCK cell	Brevifolincarboxylate inhibited the replication of influenza A virus by targeting PB2 cap-binding domain	Chen et al., 2020
Anti-influenza virus A	Ethyl acetate extract	in vitro	N/A	The ethyl acetate extract of Chinese olive has strongly inhibited the HIV-1 glycoprotein subunit 41 six-helix bundle formation	Duan et al. (2013)
Hepatoprotective activities	Ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive	in vivo and in vitro	FL83B mouse hepatocytes C57BL/6 mice fed a 60% high-fat diet	CO-EtOAc suppressed the mRNA levels of fatty acid transporter genes (CD36 and FABP) and lipogenesis genes (SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC1), but upregulated genes that govern lipolysis (HSL) and lipid oxidation (PPARα, CPT-1, and ACOX)	Yeh et al. (2018)
Hepatoprotective activities	Brevifolin, ellagic acid and 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid	in vivo	Carbon tetrachloride -induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes	Brevifolin, ellagic acid and 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid from Chinese olive have been shown to reduce liver damage in mice caused by carbon tetrachloride	Ito et al. (1990)
Anti-diabetic effect	Ethyl acetate fraction of fruit extract	in vivo	mice fed a high-fat diet	Chinese olive fruit regulates glucose utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase	Yeh et al. (2017)
Anti-diabetic effect	Ethyl acetate fraction of fruit extract	in vivo	mice fed a high-fat diet	Chinese olive fruit may ameliorate metabolic dysfunction in diabetic rats under HFD challenge	Yeh et al. (2020)
Anti-diabetic effect	Chinese olive extract	in vitro	A bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose glycosylation reaction system	The results showed that the Chinese olive extract showed good inhibitory effect on AGEs	Kuo et al. (2015)
Anti-inflammatory effects	Balano-phonin, (7S,8R)-threo-1′-[3′-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8-hydro-xymethyl-7,8 dihydrobenzofuran] acrylaldehyde, erythro-guaiacylethoxy glycerol-β-O-4′-guaiacyl aldehyde ether and ferulic aldehyde	in vitro	LPS-induced microglial BV-2 cells	Balano-phonin, (7S,8R)-threo-1′-[3′-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8-hydro-xymethyl-7,8 dihydrobenzofuran] acrylaldehyde, erythro-guaiacylethoxy glycerol-β-O-4′-guaiacyl aldehyde ether and ferulic aldehyde in Chinese olive could dose-dependently reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediator iNOS and COX-2 expressions induced by LPS in BV-2 cells	Zhang et al. (2019)
Anti-inflammatory effects	Benzofuran Neolignans	in vitro	RAW 264.7 macrophages cells	(+)-(7R,8R,7′S,8′R)-Picrasmalignan and (−)-(7S,8S,7′R,8′S)-Picrasmalignan could block the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6 to exert anti-inflammatory effects	Li et al. (2022)
Anti-inflammatory effects	Ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive	in vitro	RAW 264.7 macrophages cells	Ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive showed that the active compounds with anti-inflammatory effect were sitoindoside I, amentoflavone, tetrahydroamentoflavone, and protocatechuic acid	Kuo et al. (2019)
Anti-tumor effect	Methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Chinese olive fruits	in vivo	0.2 mL of CT26 cell suspension was subcutaneously injected into the right hind legs of the mice	The methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Chinese olive fruits inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by promoting apoptosis through the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway	Hsieh et al. (2016)
Regulation of gut microbiota associated diseases	Chinese olive extract	in vivo	mice fed a high-fat diet	The showed significant increases of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia, but a decrease of Bacteroidetes in all Chinese olive-fed mice. Chinese olive gavage in a low dose or a medium dose caused a significant increase in the proportion of Akkermansia	Zhang et al. (2018)