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. 2023 Nov 29;14:1283286. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1283286

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Illustration portraying the bidirectional study employing the Mendelian randomization approach to draw causal inferences linking OSA, SRPs, and GERD. It is worth noting that the Mendelian randomization approach is founded upon three fundamental assumptions: ① the instrumental variables (IVs) have a substantial correlation with the exposure; ② the IVs are unrelated to any confounding variables; and ③ the IVs affect the outcome solely through the exposure, and not by any other means. The blue line illustrates the Mendelian randomization analysis of the connection between OSA/SRPs and GERD. Meanwhile, the brown line represents the Mendelian randomization analysis of the connection between GERD and OSA/SRPs. OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; SRPs, sleep-related phenotypes; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; GWAS, genome-wide association study; MR-PRESSO, MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier.