Table 4. Comparison of demographics and laboratory findings in participants with and without psychiatric symptoms in the control and study groups.
†Mean ± standard deviation, ‡median [IQR: Q1–Q3], ¥n (%), *independent samples t-test, **Mann-Whitney U test.
BMI: body mass index; SDS: standard deviation score; CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory; SCARED: Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.
| Variables | Overall (n = 82) | Control group (n = 41) | Study group (n = 41) | ||||||
| Psychiatric symptoms | p-value | Psychiatric symptoms | p-value | Psychiatric symptoms | p-value | ||||
| Negative (n = 65) | Positive (n = 17) | Negative (n = 9) | Positive (n = 32) | Negative (n = 33) | Positive (n = 8) | ||||
| BMI SDS‡ | −0.2 [−1.0 to 0.7] | 0.3 [−0.5 to 0.7] | 0.461** | 0.1 [−0.5 to 0.4] | −0.5 [−1.2 to 0.4] | 0.413 | 0.1 [−0.8 to 0.9] | 0.6 [−0.7 to 1.1] | 0.622** |
| Weight SDS‡ | −0.2 [−1.1 to 0.4] | 0.1 [−0.5 to 0.6] | 0.342** | −0.3 [−0.5 to 0.4] | −0.8 [−1.2 to 0.3] | 0.284 | −0.1 [−0.8 to 0.7] | 0.1 [−0.4 to 1.1] | 0.599** |
| Height SDS‡ | −0.1 [−0.9 to 0.8] | 0.4 [−0.6 to 0.9] | 0.206** | 0.4 [−0.6 to 0.9] | −0.2 [−0.9 to 0.5] | 0.498 | −0.1 [−0.9 to 0.8] | 0.4 [−0.0 to 0.7] | 0.300** |
| CDI score‡ | 16.0 [12.0–20.0] | 5.0 [3.0–12.0] | <0.001** | 4.0 [2.0–8.0] | 16.0 [11.8–19.2] | <0.001 | 16.0 [12.0–21.0] | 8.0 [4.5–13.0] | 0.011** |
| SCARED score† | 36.4 ± 9.8 | 16.1 ± 5.3 | <0.001* | 19.0 [14.0–21.0] | 31.0 [27.8–35.2] | <0.001 | 40.0 [34.0–48.0] | 15.0 [12.8–17.0] | <0.001** |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL)† | 88.0 [84.0–97.0] | 84.0 [81.0–89.0] | 0.027** | 83.0 [77.0–86.0] | 87.0 [82.8–94.8] | 0.115 | 92.0 [85.0–97.0] | 84.5 [83.0–89.8] | 0.130** |
| HOMA-IR‡ | 2.1 [1.4–2.7] | 1.6 [1.4–2.1] | 0.139** | 1.6 [1.4–1.6] | 2.0 [1.2–2.9] | 0.147 | 2.1 [1.6–2.7] | 1.9 [1.6–2.2] | 0.518** |
| Insulin (µg/mL)† | 9.7 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 0.526* | 7.2 [6.7–7.5] | 9.5 [5.8–12.3] | 0.425 | 9.6 [7.3–11.3] | 8.8 [7.3–10.6] | 0.718** |
| Cortisol (µg/dL)† | 9.0 ± 3.7 | 9.2 ± 4.2 | 0.887* | 6.9 [4.7–10.0] | 7.1 [6.2–9.7] | 0.548 | 8.9 [6.2–11.1] | 12.2 [9.4–13.4] | 0.411** |
| TSH (mIU/mL)‡ | 1.7 [1.0–2.4] | 1.6 [1.3–2.0] | 0.886** | 1.4 [1.0–1.6] | 1.3 [0.9–1.7] | 0.450 | 2.2 [1.7–3.8] | 1.9 [1.7–2.2] | 0.469** |
| Free T4 (nmol/mL)† | 13.0 [12.2–13.7] | 12.7 [12.1–13.7] | 0.991** | 12.6 [12.0–13.6] | 13.2 [12.1–13.8] | 0.671 | 12.7 [12.3–13.7] | 13.4 [12.5–13.7] | 0.532* |