Fig. 6.

Mechanistic diagram of the different combination therapies after the immunization of cancer vaccine in patient. ICIs unblock immunosuppression and stimulate T cell activation by blocking signaling pathways on the surface of T cells and cancer cells. Conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, complement this process by directly affecting tumor cells or indirectly by eliminating immune suppressor cells. Different therapy combinations can activate effector T-cells, enhancing the clinical efficacy of neoantigen cancer vaccines. ICIs Immune checkpoint inhibitors, APC Antigen presentation cell, PD-1 Programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1 Programmed cell death-ligand 1, CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4