Table 1.
Models of muscular hyperalgesia in the masseter muscle in rodents and the participation of transient receptor potential receptors (TRPs).
| Rodent Type | Pain Muscle Model | Measure Pain | Receptor Expression | Treatment | Route, Dose, Time | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 250-350 g). | CFA (50%, unilaterally) into masseter muscle. | Mechanical head withdrawal threshold for masseter muscle stimulation (Electronic von Frey anesthesiometer). | TRPV1 (RT-PCR in TG). | TRPV1 antagonist (5-iodoresiniferatoxin). | 5-iodoresiniferatoxin (0.1 and 0.5 nmol/site, hippocampus CA1 region, bilaterally). |
Simonic-kocijan et al., 2013 [50] |
|
Trpv1-/-, Trpv1-Cre mice crossed with R26-hM4Di, and Trpv1+/+ mice (Male, 8-16-week-old). |
CFA (50%, unilaterally or bilaterally); carrageenan (3%, bilaterally); capsaicin (3%, bilaterally) into the masseter muscle. | Spontaneous nociception (MGS, face-wiping behaviour) and bite force. | TRPV1 (IHC, Vc and TG masseter afferents). | TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810); TRPV1 agonist (RTX). | AMG9810 (200 nmol/site, masseter muscle, bilaterally); RTX (50 ng/site, Vc, bilaterally). | Wang et al., 2017 [51] |
|
Trpv1-/-, Trpa1-/-, Trpv1+/+, and Trpa1+/+ mice (Male, 8-16-week-old). |
CFA (50%, unilaterally or bilaterally) into masseter muscle. | Spontaneous nociception (MGS, face-wiping behaviour, and CPP) and bite force. | - | TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810) and TRPA1 antagonist (AP18). | AP18 (100 nmol, 300 nmol and 800 nmol/site, bilaterally); AMG 9810 (200 nmol/site, bilaterally). | Wang et al., 2018 [52] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Female and male 250-350 g, 8-week-old). Orchidectomized (male) or ovariectomized (female). Testosterone replacement (male) or tamoxifen injection (female). | CFA (50%, unilaterally) into masseter muscle. | Mechanical threshold for masseter muscle stimulation (von Frey filaments). | TRPV1 (WB, RT-PCR in TG). | - | - | Bai et al., 2018 [53] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 250-350 g). | Capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist, 0.001-0.1%/ site, unilaterally) and mustard oil (a TRPA1 agonist, 1-10%/site, unilaterally) injection into masseter muscle. |
Hind paw shaking responses and mechanical threshold for the hind paw response to masseter muscle stimulation (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer). | TRPV1 and TRPA1 (IHC, TG masseter afferents). | TRPV1 antagonists (capsazepine and AMG9810) and TRPA1 antagonists (AP18 and HC030031). | Capsazepine (200 nmol/site, unilaterally); AMG9810 (100 nmol and 1 µmol/site, unilaterally); AP18 (1 µmol/site, unilaterally); HC030031 (1 and 10 µmol/site, unilaterally) injection in the masseter muscle. | Ro et al., 2009 [54] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 150-350 g). | NMDA (10 nmol/ site, unilaterally) and mustard oil (a TRPA1 agonist, 20%/site, unilaterally) injection into masseter muscle. | Mechanical threshold for the hind paw response to masseter muscle stimulation (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer). | TRPV1 (IHC, TG masseter afferents). | TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810). | AMG9810 (10 and 100 nmol/site, unilaterally) injection into masseter muscle. | Lee et al., 2012 [55] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 100-350 g). | αβmeATP (250, 500, and 750 μg/ site, unilaterally) injection to the masseter muscle. | Mechanical threshold for the hind paw response to masseter muscle stimulation (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer). | TRPV1 (IHC, TG masseter afferents; WB, TG culture). | TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810). | AMG9810 (5, 10 and 100 nmol/site, unilaterally) injection into masseter muscle. | Saloman et al., 2013 [56] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 150-350 g) | DPHG (1 μmol/ site; unilaterally) and PMA (300 nmol/site; unilaterally) injection to the masseter muscle. |
Mechanical threshold for the hind paw response to masseter muscle stimulation (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer). | TRPV1 (WB, TG culture). | TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810). | AMG9810 (1, 10 and 100 nmol/site, unilaterally) injection into masseter muscle. | Chung et al., 2015 [57] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 250-350 g) | NMDA (10 μmol, unilaterally); αβmeATP (750 μg, unilaterally); CFA (50%, unilaterally) into masseter muscle. | Spontaneous nociception (RGS); mechanical threshold for the hind paw response (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer) and mechanical hypersensitivity to the masseter muscle. stimulation (von Frey filaments). | TRPA1 (WB, RT-PCR in TG). | TRPA1 antagonists (AP18 and HC030031). | AP18 (10 nmol/site - 2 μmol/site, unilaterally); HC-030031 (50 nmol/site, unilaterally). | Asgar et al., 2015 [80] |
Note: *Models of muscular hyperalgesia in the masseter muscle in rodents and the participation of transient receptor potential receptors (TRPs). Complete Freund adjuvant (CFA); Trigeminal ganglion (TG); Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily A (Ankyrin) Member 1 (TRPA1); Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V (Vanilloid) Member 1 (TRPV1); Mouse grimace scale (MGS); Immunohistochemistry (IHC); Western Blot (WB), Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc); Resiniferatoxin (RTX); conditioned place preference (CPP); α,β-methylene ATP (αβmeATP); dihydroxyphenylglycine (DPHG); Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA); Rat grimace scale (RGS).