Table 2.
Models of muscular hyperalgesia in the gastrocnemius and tibial muscles and transient receptor potential receptors (TRPs) participation in rodents.
| Rodent Type | Pain Muscle Model | Measure Pain | Receptor Expression |
Treatment | Dose, Time, Route | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 250 g). |
Carrageenan injection into gastrocnemius muscle (50 µL, 4%), exercise protocol of eccentric gastrocnemius muscle contraction by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve. | Mechanical withdrawal threshold of the deep tissues (Randall-Selitto test, skin over the gastrocnemius muscle); mechanical withdrawal threshold (von Frey test, skin over the gastrocnemius muscle). | TRPV1 and TRPV2 (RT-qPCR), IHC (DRG, retrogradely labelled gastrocnemius sensory neurons). | TRPV1 (capsazepine) and TRP non-selective (ruthenium red) antagonists. | Capsazepine (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal or 100 or 1000 pmol/50 µL, intramuscular), ruthenium red (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal or 100 or 1000 pmol/50 µL, intramuscular). | Fujii et al., 2008 [58] |
| Trpv1-/-,Trpv4-/-,Trpv1+/+ and Trpv4+/+ mice (Male, adult). | Lengthening contraction (LC) of lateral gastrocnemius muscle by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve, murine NGF-2.5 S (0.8 µM, 5 µl, i.m.) or recombinant murine GDNF (0.03 µM, 5 µl) injection into lateral gastrocnemius muscle. | Mechanical withdrawal threshold of the deep tissues (Randall-Selitto test, skin over the lateral gastrocnemius muscle); mechanical withdrawal threshold (von Frey test, skin over the lateral gastrocnemius muscle). | - | TRPV4 antagonist (HC-067047). | HC-067047 (10 or 100 mg/kg, 10 µL) in gastrocnemius muscle. | Ota et al., 2013 [98] |
| Sprague Dawley rats (Male, 290-330 g). |
GDNF injection in lateral gastrocnemius muscle (0.015, 0.03 μM, 20 µL). | Mechanical withdrawal threshold of the deep tissues (Randall-Selitto test, skin over the lateral gastrocnemius muscle). | - | TRPV1 antagonist (capsazepine). | Capsazepine (50 μM) was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle. | Murase et al., 2014 [59] |
| Trpv1-/- and Trpv1+/+ mice. | Carrageenan injection into gastrocnemius muscle (20 µL, 3%) |
Mechanical withdrawal threshold (von Frey test, hind paw), heat withdrawal latency (Hargreaves test, hind paw). | - | Recombinant herpesviruses for re-expression TRPV1 channels (HSV-GFP-TRPV1). | Two injections of 10 µL of viruses into the gastrocnemius muscle. | Walder et al., 2012 [60] |
|
Trpv1-/- and Trpv1+/+ mice (Male, adult, 8- to 12-wk-old). |
Received 2 injections, spaced 1-5 days apart, of acid saline pH 4.0 (20 μL) into gastrocnemius muscle. | Mechanical withdrawal threshold (von Frey test, hind paw). | - | TRPV1 antagonist (capsazepine). | Capsazepine (1 nmol) into the gastrocnemius muscle. | Chen et al., 2014 [61] |
| Sprague-Dawley rats (Female, 180-220g). | CFA injection to the tibialis anterior muscle (100 µL) | Weight-bearing measurement. | - | Capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist), peppermint oil (a TRPM8 agonist), and mustard oil (a TRPA1 agonist). |
Capsaicin (0.3%, 0.5 mL), peppermint oil (80%, 0.5 mL), and mustard oil (50%, 0.5 mL) was applied to the hindlimb. |
Fang et al., 2020 [49] |
| Sprague-Dawley rats (Male, 200-320 g). |
Skin and deep tissue incision (plantar flexor digitorum brevis muscle and gastrocnemius muscle), H2O2 (100 mM, 0,6 mL) injection in the gastrocnemius muscle or subcutaneous tissue overlying gastrocnemius muscle. | Guarding behavior (pain score, hind paw), mechanical withdrawal threshold (von Frey test, hind paw), heat withdrawal latency (Hargreaves test, hind paw), and nociceptive time (hind paw). | - | TRPA1 antagonist (HC-030031). | 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg (intraperitoneal); 100 mM (0.3 mL, into the gastrocnemius muscle). | Sugiyama et al., 2017 [48] |
Note: *Models of muscular hyperalgesia in the gastrocnemius and tibial muscles and the participation of transient receptor potential receptors (TRPs) in rodents. Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V (Vanilloid) Member 1 (TRPV1); Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V (Vanilloid) Member 2 (TRPV2); Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V (Vanilloid) Member 4 (TRPV4); Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 TRPM8; Immunohistochemistry (IHC); Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); Dorsal root ganglia (DRG); Lengthening contraction (LC); Nerve growth factor (NGF); Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF); Herpes simplex virus (HSV); Green fluorescent protein (GFP); Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).