Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study/year | Country | Total number Interventions/Controls |
Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (ROBINS-I) |
Participants | Mean PF ratio at the entry of study | Prone duration per session/ Total prone time/ Number of sessions (h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retrospective cohort study | ||||||
| Erhard 1998 | Germany |
47 28/19 |
Moderate | Trauma | Unknown | 13 [10–15] h/session; 6.1 [1–22] total prone days |
| Eremenko 2000 | Russia |
72 36/36 |
Moderate | ARDS after cardiac syndrome X | Unknown | 4–12 h/session; not mentioned total prone day |
| Davis 2007 | USA |
61 17/48 |
Serious | Trauma and general surgery | 149 ± 8 | 3.25 h/session; 6 times/day for 5 days |
| Gaudry 2017 | France |
98 36/62 |
Moderate | Recent abdominal surgery (< 7 days) | 91 ± 39 | Mean total first prone 15.8 ± 10.4 h; second session 19.2 ± 10.3 h; 1 [1–2] sessions |
| Akatsuka 2020 | Japan |
51 24/27 |
Serious | Abdominal surgery | 118 ± 41 | 16 h/session; 1.5 ± 0.5 times |
| Prospective randomized control trial | ||||||
| Watanabe 2002 | Japan |
16 8/8 |
High | Post transthoracic esophagectomy | 166.0 ± 24.9 | 6 h/session; not mentioned total prone day |
| Voggenreiter 2005 | Germany |
40 21/19 |
High | Multiple trauma patient with ISS at least 16 | 107 ± 42 | 11 ± 5 h/session; mean of 7 ± 4 times |
| Prospective experimental study | ||||||
| Voggenreiter 1999 | Germany | 22 | Moderate | Multiple trauma with blunt chest trauma | Unknown | 8 h/session; 9.0 ± 1.12 sessions |
| Johannigman 2000 | USA | 20 | Moderate | Trauma | 148 ± 30 | 10.3 ± 1.2 h/session; maximum 6 sessions |
| Retrospective experimental study | ||||||
| Fridrich 1996 | Austria | 20 | Moderate | All trauma-induced ARDS | 126.4 ± 8.6 | 20 h/session; total mean 8 ± 4 days |
| Johannigman 2001 | USA | 16 | Moderate | Trauma and postoperative surgery | 165 ± 18 | 6.3 ± 1 h/session; 4 sessions |
| Maillet 2008 | France | 16 | Moderate | Postoperative cardiac surgery | 87 ± 26 | 18 h/session (range, 14–27); not mentioned total prone day |
| Hale 2012 | USA | 18 | Moderate | Burn | 87 ± 37 | 16 h/session; total 3 [1–6] |
| Wardenberg 2016 | Germany | 127 | Moderate | Postoperative cardiac surgery | 115 ± 46 | 12 h/session; not mentioned total prone day |
| Hernández-López 2019 | Mexico | 7 | Moderate | All postoperative patients | 83.93 ± 19.12 | Total prone duration 57.2 ± 17.2 h (total 3 days) |
| Saha 2020 | Germany | 24 | Moderate | Postoperative cardiac surgery | Unknown | 12 h [12–16] h/session; not mentioned total prone day |