Table 1.

Summary of representative FRET imaging for MAPKs and related signaling

Target	FRET sensor	Sensor type	Stimulation/application (Cells)	Author	Year	References
MEKK3, OSM (scaffold)	–	Intermolecular FRET	Osmostress (Cos-7)	Uhlik et al.	2003	[67]
SAP3Ks	SAP3K reporter	Kinase activity sensor	Osmostress, DNA damage, UV-C, TNF-α (Cos-7, Hela)	Tomida et al.	2009	[42]
Ras, Rap1	Raichu-Ras, Raichu-Rap1	Intramolecular FRET	EGF, NGF (Cos-1, PC12)	Mochizuki et al.	2001	[33]
Rac, Cdc42	Raichu-Rac, Raichu-Cdc42	Intramolecular FRET	Cell migration (HT1080)	Itoh et al.	2002	[34]
c-Raf	Prin-c-Raf	Intramolecular FRET	EGF (Cos-1)	Terai et al.	2005	[68]
ERK	ERKus	Kinase activity sensor	EGF (MCF-7)	Sato et al.	2007	[36]
ERK	EKAR	Kinase activity sensor	Electrically evoked action potentials (hippocampal neuron)	Harvey et al.	2008	[37]
ERK (C. elegans MPK-1)	ERKy	Kinase activity sensor	In vivo imaging, NaCl-off stimulation (C. elegans sensory neuron)	Tomida et al.	2012	[38]
ERK, JNK	EKAR-EV, JNKAR1-EV	Kinase activity sensor	EGF (Hela)	Komatsu et al.	2011	[48]
ERK	EKAR-EV	Kinase activity sensor	EGF (MCF-10A)	Albeck et al.	2013	[104]
ERK	EKAREV, -NLS	Kinase activity sensor	In vivo imaging, laser ablation (mouse auricular epidermis/dermis)	Kamioka et al.	2012	[98]
ERK	EKAREV-NES, -NLS	Kinase activity sensor	In vivo imaging (mouse mammary gland epithelial cells), fetal bovine serum (MDCK, NRK-52E, Hela, etc.)	Aoki et al.	2013	[105]
JNK (Drosophila)	dJun-FRET	kinase activity sensor	RNAi screening (Drosophila BG-2)	Bakal et al.	2008	[39]
JNK	JNKAR1	Kinase activity sensor	Anisomycin, osmostress, TNF-α (Hela)	Fosbrink et al.	2010	[40]
JNK	JuCKY	Kinase activity sensor	Anisomycin (Hela)	Suzuki et al.	2010	[41]
Ras	FRas-F	Intermolecular FRET	Electrically evoked action potentials (hippocampal neuron)	Yausda et al.	2006	[73]
Ras	FRas-F	Intermolecular FRET	2-photon glutamate uncaging (hippocampal neuron)	Harvey et al.	2008	[75]
ERK	EKARnuc	Kinase activity sensor	2-photon glutamate uncaging (hippocampal neuron)	Zhai et al.	2013	[76]