Fig. 2.

Each subject performed high-intensity interval cycling exercises (HIIE), which consisted of four 4-min bouts at 90% peak oxygen uptake (O₂) with a 3-min active recovery period at 60% peak O₂. After the first HIIE, executive function (EF) significantly improved and the improved EF was sustained during 40 min of post-exercise recovery. However, repeated bouts of HIIE, which decreased lactate accumulation, dampened the positive effect of exercise on EF during the post-exercise recovery [71]

(Modified from Tsukamoto et al., Physiol & Behav, 2016b)