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. 2023 Dec 6;73:33. doi: 10.1186/s12576-023-00893-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Multiple types of plasticity in neural synapses. A A schematic illustration of plasticity induction with its homo- and heterosynaptic pathways. Homosynaptic LTP (blue) induced by tetanus of input is associated with heterosynaptic LTD (black). B Heterosynaptic plasticity induction by postsynaptic tetanus, evoked by depolarizing pulses without pre-synaptic stimulation. C Mexican-hat profile of plasticity shows LTP induction by tetanus + postsynaptic depolarization at a set of synapses associated with a weaker heterosynaptic LTP at adjacent inputs and heterosynaptic LTD at inputs farther away (from Turrigiano et al., 1998)