Fig. 12.

Effects of β-AR stimulation on CREB activity. a ISO-induced CREB activity. The experimental data were obtained from Shin et al.’s study [56] for rat cardiac myocytes after 5 min of indicated ISO stimulation. Data represent mean ± SE of at least three independent experiments. b Effects of β-AR subtypes on CREB activity. The time course of ISO-induced CREB activity in physiological (solid line), β1-AR inhibition by 50% (hollow circle) and 100% (filled circle), and β2-AR inhibition by 50% (hollow square) and 100% (filled square). c Effects of β1/ β2-AR ratio on CREB activity The ratios are 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5. d Simulated time course of CREB activity after ISO stimulation (0.01 µM dash-dotted line, 0.1 µM dashed line, and 1 µM solid line). e Effects of β-adrenergic mediators on CREB activity. The time course of ISO-induced CREB activity in physiological (solid line) and artificial states including blocking direct effect of PKA (triangle), and Aktpp (circle), and blocking ISO-induced variation in GSK3β (square)