Fig. 5.

Non-canonical TGF-β signaling transducer expression. Phosphorylation ratio of p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) (a and b) and p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (c and d), and representative blots. CON, control; LOS, losartan. Samples were collected before (PRE), and on days 1 and 7 following hindlimb unloading. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; n = 7 per time point. Normally distributed data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. For non-normal distribution, the Kruskal–Wallis test was performed, followed by the two-stage step-up method of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli; the test was used for the analysis within each sex