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ATP consumption of the hybrid contraction model during the pressure–volume (PV) relation of the hemisphere Laplace heart model. a The PV relationship (black line) and v ATPase–volume relationship (gray line) at different preload scale factors were superimposed. b The relationship between pressure–volume area and the amount of v ATPase per beat (cross marks) was linear. The preload scale factor K rp was applied as ×1.8, ×1.6, ×1.4, ×1.2, ×1.0, and ×0.8, respectively
