Table 1.
Logistic Regression Results for Has Long Covid and Has Activity Limitations Due to Long COVID (Odds Ratios)
| Has Long Covid | Has Activity Limitations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | ||
| Has 4-yr degree | 0.617*** | 0.551*** | 0.959 | 0.858** | |
| (0.009) | (0.016) | (0.029) | (0.054) | ||
| Female | 1.756*** | 1.701*** | 1.104*** | 0.991 | |
| (0.032) | (0.047) | (0.042) | (0.056) | ||
| Sexual/gender minority | 1.390*** | 1.435*** | 1.442*** | 1.398** | |
| (0.038) | (0.097) | (0.075) | (0.186) | ||
| Race/ethnicity (reference white non-Hispanic) | |||||
| Hispanic | 1.163*** | 1.016 | 0.831*** | 0.741** | |
| (0.032) | (0.062) | (0.047) | (0.097) | ||
| Black non-Hispanic | 0.973 | 0.789*** | 0.821*** | 0.741* | |
| (0.029) | (0.064) | (0.049) | (0.127) | ||
| Asian non-Hispanic | 0.707*** | 0.685*** | 0.843* | 0.616* | |
| (0.034) | (0.087) | (0.083) | (0.174) | ||
| Other race non-Hispanic | 1.230*** | 1.113 | 1.231*** | 1.157 | |
| (0.048) | (0.097) | (0.087) | (0.196) | ||
| Age | 1.002*** | 1.001** | 1.016*** | 1.017*** | |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | ||
| Two-way interaction terms | |||||
| Female*Hispanic | 1.136* | 1.348* | |||
| (0.084) | (0.208) | ||||
| Female*Black | 1.262** | 1.196 | |||
| (0.115) | (0.227) | ||||
| Female*Asian | 1.052 | 1.339 | |||
| (0.184) | (0.478) | ||||
| Female*Other race | 1.013 | 1.160 | |||
| (0.110) | (0.232) | ||||
| Female*Has BA/BS | 0.986 | 1.158* | |||
| (0.036) | (0.088) | ||||
| Female*SGM | 0.993 | 1.163 | |||
| (0.078) | (0.174) | ||||
| Has BA/BS*Hispanic | 1.387*** | 1.099 | |||
| (0.118) | (0.199) | ||||
| Has BA/BS*Black | 1.542*** | 0.929 | |||
| (0.175) | (0.229) | ||||
| Has BA/BS*Asian | 1.068 | 1.379 | |||
| (0.152) | (0.444) | ||||
| Has BA/BS*Other race | 1.397*** | 1.153 | |||
| (0.163) | (0.262) | ||||
| Has BA/BS*SGM | 1.129 | 1.112 | |||
| (0.093) | (0.187) | ||||
| SGM*Hispanic | 1.059 | 1.021 | |||
| (0.156) | (0.325) | ||||
| SGM*Black | 0.718 | 1.334 | |||
| (0.158) | (0.685) | ||||
| SGM*Asian | 0.519** | 3.547** | |||
| (0.165) | (2.252) | ||||
| SGM*Other race | 1.265 | 1.044 | |||
| (0.233) | (0.350) | ||||
| Three-way interaction terms | |||||
| Female*Has BA/BS*SGM | 0.980 | 0.983 | |||
| (0.094) | (0.189) | ||||
| Female*Has BA/BS*Hispanic | 0.973 | 0.773 | |||
| (0.100) | (0.166) | ||||
| Female*Has BA/BS*Black | 0.914 | 1.183 | |||
| (0.116) | (0.324) | ||||
| Female*Has BA/BS*Asian | 1.134 | 0.858 | |||
| (0.218) | (0.350) | ||||
| Female*Has BA/BS*Other race | 0.967 | 0.805 | |||
| (0.139) | (0.217) | ||||
| SGM*Has BA/BS*Hispanic | 0.976 | 1.088 | |||
| (0.130) | (0.282) | ||||
| SGM*Has BA/BS*Black | 1.150 | 1.105 | |||
| (0.210) | (0.430) | ||||
| SGM*Has BA/BS*Asian | 2.123*** | 0.293** | |||
| (0.579) | (0.165) | ||||
| SGM*Has BA/BS*Other race | 0.704** | 0.948 | |||
| (0.123) | (0.293) | ||||
| Female*SGM*Hispanic | 0.806 | 0.588 | |||
| (0.130) | (0.197) | ||||
| Female*SGM*Black | 0.924 | 0.474 | |||
| (0.213) | (0.243) | ||||
| Female*SGM*Asian | 1.004 | 0.396 | |||
| (0.297) | (0.239) | ||||
| Female*SGM*Other race | 0.807 | 0.775 | |||
| (0.167) | (0.295) | ||||
| Constant | 0.274*** | 0.288*** | 0.213*** | 0.222*** | |
| (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.018) | (0.020) | ||
| Sample size | 285,749 | 285,749 | 59,166 | 59,166 | |
| F Statistic | 164.01*** | 85.64*** | 23.91*** | 9.46*** | |
Source: Authors’ analysis of data from the Household Pulse Survey, June 2022 to March 2023
Dummy for survey month in all regressions. Standard errors in parentheses. The notation *** is p < 0.01, ** is p < 0.05, * is p < 0.10. Sample for (1) and (2) consists of all adults who had COVID, and sample for (3) and (4) consists of all adults who had long COVID