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. 2023 Dec 13;21:479. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02229-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 11 — Protection against influenza virus challenge by transfer of T_RM cells in NOD/SCID mice. The 3rd animal study was designed in which lung T_RM cells were isolated from BALB/c mice at 30 days post the 3rd immunization mentioned in Study 2 by flow cytometry sorting and then transferred to NOD/SCID mice by tail vein injection (A). Mice without T_RM transfer were also included as mock controls. On the second day after transfer, low-dose H1N1 virus (0.1LD₅₀) was used for challenge, and body weight gains (B) were recorded for 5 days. The virus titers were then determined by qRT‒PCR (C), and IL-6 production in lung washing samples (D) was measured by a LEGENDplex™ kit (Biolegend). (n = 4, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)