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. 2023 Dec 13;21:479. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02229-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Dendritic cells (DCs) targeting Salmonella stimulated DC differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The BMDCs were prepared and incubated with Salmonella strains χ11802 (pYL180) and χ11802 (pYL230), named S180 and S230, respectively, with a multiple of infection (MOI) of 100 for 2 h. BSG and LPS (0.5 μg/mL) were also included as mock and positive controls. The maturation markers MHC-II, CD40 and CD86 were determined by flow cytometry (A). An illustration of the animal experiment (Study 1) is shown (B). One day after the second immunization, PPs (C), MLNs (D) and spleens (E) were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the expression levels of MHC-II, CD40 and CD86 (n = 4, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns, not significant)