Table 2.
Association between baseline characteristics and the trajectories of frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in older adults in China (2011–2018)
| Trajectories of frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Ref: Physically robust, declining cognition, no depression) | |||||||||||||
| Worsening frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, depression | Declining pre-frailty, declining cognition, borderline depression | Pre-frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, no depression | |||||||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | ||||||||
| Age (every 5-year increase; continuous) | 1.93* | (1.77–2.13) | 1.16* | (1.07–1.26) | 1.68* | (1.55–1.83) | |||||||
| Female (ref: Male) | 2.66* | (2.11–3.36) | 1.67* | (1.41–1.98) | 2.31* | (1.93–2.77) | |||||||
| Human capital | |||||||||||||
| Education (ref: Elementary school or higher) | |||||||||||||
| No formal education | 12.99* | (9.84–17.15) | 1.37 | (1.06–1.76) | 23.14* | (18.43–29.07) | |||||||
| Less than elementary school | 2.43* | (1.83–3.24) | 1.39* | (1.14–1.69) | 4.31* | (3.48–5.35) | |||||||
| Work status (ref: Currently working) | |||||||||||||
| Retired | 2.66* | (2.08–3.40) | 1.49* | (1.23–1.80) | 1.12 | (0.92–1.37) | |||||||
| Not employed/Never worked | 3.05* | (1.57–5.92) | 2.19* | (1.31–3.66) | 1.17 | (0.63–2.17) | |||||||
| Social capital | |||||||||||||
| Not marrieda (ref: Married) | 1.39 | (1.07–1.80) | 1.22 | (0.98–1.51) | 1.33 | (1.06–1.66) | |||||||
| Empty nester (ref: Living with children) | 0.88 | (0.71–1.08) | 0.99 | (0.84–1.16) | 0.89 | (0.75–1.06) | |||||||
| No participation in any social activities (ref: Any social activity participation) | 1.98* | (1.61–2.45) | 1.26 | (1.07–1.47) | 1.69* | (1.43–2.01) | |||||||
| Financial capital | |||||||||||||
| Childhood family financial situationb (ref: Same) | |||||||||||||
| A lot better off/somewhat better off | 1.28 | (0.85–1.93) | 1.23 | (0.93–1.64) | 1.22 | (0.90–1.67) | |||||||
| Somewhat worse off/A lot worse off | 1.66* | (1.33–2.07) | 1.28 | (1.08–1.52) | 1.15 | (0.96–1.38) | |||||||
| Per capita household consumption (ref: Quartile 4) | |||||||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 1.18 | (0.83–1.66) | 0.97 | (0.74–1.27) | 1.58* | (1.19–2.10) | |||||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.28 | (0.91–1.78) | 1.06 | (0.83–1.37) | 1.65* | (1.26–2.18) | |||||||
| Quartile 3 | 1.08 | (0.78–1.50) | 1.17 | (0.93–1.47) | 1.27 | (0.97–1.68) | |||||||
| Health capital | |||||||||||||
| Childhood healthc (ref: About average) | |||||||||||||
| Much healthier/somewhat healthier | 0.75 | (0.59–0.95) | 0.85 | (0.72–1.02) | 0.75* | (0.62–0.90) | |||||||
| Somewhat less healthy/Much less healthy | 1.34 | (0.97–1.84) | 1.47 | (1.13–1.91) | 1.12 | (0.84–1.48) | |||||||
| Self-rated health (ref: Fair) | |||||||||||||
| Very good/good | 0.32* | (0.23–0.46) | 0.31* | (0.24–0.40) | 0.60* | (0.48–0.74) | |||||||
| Poor/very poor | 9.76* | (7.69–12.39) | 4.59* | (3.83–5.51) | 2.23* | (1.81–2.75) | |||||||
| Structural factor | |||||||||||||
| Hukouand residence (ref: Urban hukou, urban residence) | |||||||||||||
| Rural hukou, rural residence | 3.98* | (2.83–5.61) | 1.40 | (1.11–1.75) | 4.21* | (3.17–5.60) | |||||||
| Rural hukou, urban residence | 2.02* | (1.38–2.95) | 0.92 | (0.71–1.19) | 2.65* | (1.94–3.63) | |||||||
| Urban hukou, rural residence | 1.58 | (0.75–3.35) | 1.13 | (0.73–1.74) | 1.71 | (0.97–3.01) | |||||||
Notes. Ref = reference. aOR = adjusted odds ratio. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval
* P-value adjusted for multiple comparisons (Holm step-down method) < 0.05. For specific P-values, both original and adjusted for multiple comparisons, see Supplemental Table 6.
a Included widowed, divorced, separated, and never married.
b Self-rated family financial situation before age 17 years, compared to average family in the same community/village.
c Self-rated health before age 16 years compared to other children of the same age.