Table 2.
Preclinical usage of TNS in healthy conditions
| Stimulation Method and Target | Species | Stimulation Parameters | Effect | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical, Distal Trigeminal Ganglion | 15 isolated canine brains |
50 Hz 10 V 1 ms PW 20 ms train |
↑ CBF; ↓CVR ↑ Cerebral oxygen consumption |
Lang and Zimmer 1974 | |
| Electrical, Trigeminal Ganglion | Adult cats |
10 Hz 0.5 mA 0.25 ms PW |
↑ CBF in the frontal and parietal cortex Neurally controlled cortical vasodilation |
Goadsby and Duckworth 1987 | |
| Male Wistar rats |
5 Hz 10 V 1 ms PW 30 s continuous |
Small increase in MAP and HR | Escott et al. 1995 | ||
| Cats |
0.5 – 20 Hz 0.25 mA 0.25 ms PW 30 s continuous |
↓ CVR in the parietal cortex ↓ BP |
Goadsby et al. 1997 | ||
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
1 mA 200 ms cycle 5 ms width 30 min continuous |
↑ Plasma and cortical CGRP, PACAP, VIP, NPY, nociceptin | Guo et al. 2021 | ||
| Invasive Electrical, Right Nasociliary Nerve | Adult Sprague–Dawley rats |
3 – 60 Hz 5 V 0.5 ms PW 90 s continuous |
↑ CBF as a function of frequency in the parietal cortex | Suzuki et al. 1990 | |
| Non- Invasive Electrical, Nasociliary Nerve | New Zealand albino rabbits of both sexes |
10 Hz 5 V 0.5 ms PW 90 s continuous |
↑ CBF as a function of voltage (1-5 V) in the premotor cortex | Gurelik et al. 2004 | |
| Percutaneous Electrical, Infraorbital Nerve | Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
2 Hz 1.2 mA 1 ms PW 4 min continuous |
↑ CBF in the barrel cortex Pronounced increase in K1 and K2 of the H215O, which correlates to ↑ CBF |
Weber et al. 2003 | |
| 15 male Sprague–Dawley rats |
0.25—12 Hz 2 mA 0.1 ms PW |
↑ CBF as a function of frequency (up to 3 Hz) in the barrel cortex Activation of somatosensory barrel field cortex above .5 Hz Blood oxygen response reached maximum at 1 Hz and/or 1.3 mA ↓ BP above 3 mA |
Just et al. 2010 | ||
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
50 Hz 0.25 – 5 V .75 ms PW Rectangular biphasic pulses |
↓ HR; ↑ MAP; ↓SPO2; ↑ rCBF; ↓ CVR; ↑ PbrO2 ↓RR; Brainstem Fos activation |
Shah et al. 2020 | ||
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
133 Hz 0.25 – 3 V 1 ms PW Rectangular biphasic pulses 60 s continuous |
↑ CBF; ↓ CVR; ↑ MAP; ↑ CGRP; ↑ CPP | Li et al. 2021a, b | ||
| Infraorbital nerve, electrical acupuncture | 12-week old Sprague–Dawley Rats |
2/100 Hz 3 mA 6 s continuous for 40 min |
↑ BBB permeability ↓ Occludin ↑ Calcium wave events with ↑ intensity |
Gong et al. 2022 | |
| Peripheral trigeminal nerve stimulation | Adult female Wistar rats |
5 Hz 0.05 mA 1 ms PW 10 s continuous |
1 Hz 1—6 mA 0.1 ms PW |
Both Settings: ↑ CBF ↑ Blood mean velocity |
Li et al. 2009 |
| Maxillary and mandibular branches | Adult female and male rats |
0.05—1.5 mA 0.2 ms PW Pseudorandom intervals of 3-4 s apart with different combinations |
Both the Ion and SoN can be accessed through a single incision, and both can be accessed, interfaced, and engaged in rats | Dingle et al. 2019 | |
| Invasive Electrical, cut end of Lingual Nerve | Adult cats |
10 Hz 30 V 2 ms PW 20 s continuous |
↔ CBF; ↑ CCA BF | Sato et al. 1997 | |
| Adult male Wistar rats |
1 – 30 Hz 1 – 30 V 2 ms PW 20 s continuous |
↑ ICABF and LBF | Ishii et al. 2014 | ||