Table 1.

Cytokines with osteoclastogenic activities in DM

Cytokines	Major findings	Refs.
RANKL	Elevated in plasma of T1DM children	[101]
	Elevated in bone marrow of polygenic TallyHo/JngJ T2DM mice	[102]
	Increased mRNA expression in STZ-treated T1DM mice	[48]
IL-1	Elevated in serum during early onset of T1DM in STZ-treated mice	[103]
IL-6	Elevated in blood and bone marrow of TallyHo/JngJ T2DM mice	[102]
	Elevated in serum during early onset of T1DM in STZ-treated mice	[103]
TNF-α	Elevated in blood and bone marrow of TallyHo/JngJ T2DM mice	[102]
	Increased mRNA expression in STZ-treated T1DM mice	[48]
IFN-γ	Elevated in blood and bone marrow of TallyHo/JngJ T2DM mice	[102]
	Elevated in serum during early onset of T1DM in STZ-treated mice	[103]
MCSF	Increased mRNA expression in STZ-treated T1DM mice	[48]
MCP-1	Elevated in serum during early onset of T1DM in STZ-treated mice	[103]

RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, IL-1 interleukin-1, IL-6 interleukin-6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ interferon-γ, MCSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, STZ streptozotocin