Fig. 6.

Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the total hip of before (pre) and after (post) 4.5–6.2 months of spaceflight (mean ± SE). Values are from astronauts who flew before the advanced resistance exercise device (ARED) was employed as a countermeasure (pre-ARED) and those who used combined ARED and medicated bisphosphonate (ARED + bisphosphonate). Before the use of ARED and bisphosphonates, total hip BMD and BMC decreased after spaceflight. However, a countermeasure using both ARED and bisphosphonates maintained the BMD and BMC during 4.5–6.2 months of spaceflight. *p < 0.05 vs preflight (drawn from data in Ref. [121])