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Scheme of a possible signaling pathway for NCX1 activation by nicorandil, pinacidil, ANP, SNP, and sildenafil. Nicorandil and ANP increase cGMP, SNP generates NO, sildenafil accumulates cGMP, and four agents subsequently activate PKG. Pinacidil opens the pmKATP channel, which generates NO and activates guanylate cyclase, increases cGMP, and subsequently activates PKG. PKG directly or indirectly phosphorylates and stimulates NCX1
