Fig. 1.

Electrode implantation and neuropathic pain surgery. a EMG electrode. The electrode was constructed simply by inserting a stainless-steel needle (shaft of a stainless-steel acupuncture needle) into a Teflon-coated multistrand wire and then bonded with acrylic adhesive. b Surgery for electrode implantation and neuropathy. For neuropathy, the tibial and sural nerves were cut, whereas the common peroneal nerve was left intact. During the neuropathy operation, one pair of electrodes was implanted into the biceps femoris muscle. c Representative EMGs. The neuropathic rat (right) showed high EMG magnitudes to von Frey stimulation with 0.6 g force (arrows), compared with normal rat (left)