Figure 3.

Effect of kale intake on gut microbes and metabolites. The effects of kale on (A) microbes at 2 weeks, (B) microbes at 4 weeks, (C) metabolites at 2 weeks, and (D) metabolites at 4 weeks are shown as volcano plots. The x-axis represents the effect size (paired rank-biserial correlation) of kale intake compared to that of the control group. The y-axis represents logarithm of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value compared to that of the control group. Names of the items for which significant differences were detected at both time points, and the top five significantly different items are labeled.