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. 2023 Sep 3;27(23):3681–3691. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17944

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Ghrelin is correlated with the progression of multiple degenerative musculoskeletal disorders including OP, OA sarcopenia and IVDD. (A) Signal pathway: MAPK/PI3K, GHSR/ERK and GHSR/PI3K/AKT. (B) Signal pathway: JAK2/STAT3/IRF‐1, NF‐kB and AKT. (C) Signal pathway: p38/C/EBPβ, PI3Kβ, mTORC2 and p38. (D) Signal pathway: NF‐κB and AKT. AKT, protein kinase B; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; GHSR, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; IVDD, intervertebral disc degeneration; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; mTORC2, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2; OA, osteoarthritis; OP, osteoporosis; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase; PI3Kβ, phosphoinositide 3‐Kinase β.