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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2023 May 26;34(9):1561–1575. doi: 10.1007/s00198-023-06796-6

Table 1.

Comparison of patients who received kyphoplasty to those who received no augmentation (control group 1)

Variable No Augmentation n = 168,104 (83%) Kyphoplasty n = 38,034 (17%) Total n = 206,138
Age (Median, IQR) 81.3 (74.4, 87.8) 80.5 (74.4, 86.4) 81.1 (74.4, 87.5)
Female 146,007 (87) 30,850 (81) 176,857 (86)
Patient race
Unknown 1287 (0.8) 229 (0.6) 1516 (0.7)
White 150,937 (90) 35,480 (93) 186,417 (90)
Black 3913 (2.3) 530 (1.4) 4443 (2.2)
Other 2642 (1.6) 413 (1.1) 3055 (1.5)
Asian 5181 (3.1) 785 (2.1) 5966 (2.9)
Hispanic 3403 (2.0) 483 (1.3) 3886 (1.9)
North American Native 741 (0.4) 114 (0.3) 855 (0.4)
Year of Fracture
2017 60,816 (36) 14,050 (37) 74,866 (36)
2018 54,758 (33) 12,899 (34) 67,657 (33)
2019 52,530 (31) 11,085 (29) 63,615 (31)
Charlson Co-morbidity Score (Median, IQR) 2.0 (1, 3) 2.0 (1, 3) 2.0 (1, 3)
0 40,065 (24) 8815 (23) 48,880 (24)
1 38,403 (23) 8974 (24) 47,377 (23)
2–3 50,155 (30) 11,354 (30) 61,509 (30)
4–5 24,118 (14) 5337 (14) 29,455 (14)
6 + 15,363 (9) 3554 (9) 18,917 (9)
Individual Comorbidities in year prior to fracture
Congestive heart failure 42,235 (25) 9603 (25) 51,838 (25)
Dementia 27,197 (16) 4042 (11) 31,239 (15)
Renal failure 31,105 (19) 6928 (18) 38,033 (18)
Weight loss 16,321 (10) 3096 (8) 19,417 (9)
Hemiplegia 2480 (1.5) 468 (1.2) 2948 (1.4)
Alcohol abuse 798 (0.5) 236 (0.6) 1034 (0.5)
Cardiac arrhythmias 62,690 (37) 14,916 (39) 77,606 (38)
Chronic pulmonary disease 54,032 (32) 13,220 (35) 67,252 (33)
Coagulopathy 8263 (4.9) 2135 (5.6) 10,398 (5.0)
Complicated diabetes 25,244 (15) 6362 (17) 31,606 (15)
Deficiency anemia 47,309 (28) 10,417 (27) 57,726 (28)
Fluid/electrolyte disorders 37,125 (22) 8419 (22) 45,544 (22)
Liver disease 9016 (5) 2348 (6) 11,364 (6)
Peripheral vascular disease 46,799 (28) 9710 (26) 56,509 (27)
Mood disorders 39,329 (23) 8301 (22) 47,630 (23)
Pulmonary circulation disorders 11,593 (7) 2822 (7) 14,415 (7)
HIV/AIDS 169 (0.1) 29 (0.1) 198 (0.1)
Hypertension 126,858 (75) 29,730 (78) 156,588 (76)
Myocardial infarction 8371 (5) 1871 (5) 10,242 (5)
Cardiovascular disease 33,686 (20) 7810 (21) 41,496 (20)
Rheumatic disease 16,185 (10) 3598 (9) 19,783 (10)
Peptic ulcer disease 3643 (2.2) 928 (2.4) 4571 (2.2)
Diabetes without complications 38,191 (23) 9429 (25) 47,620 (23)
Frailty Scorea (Median, IQR) 9.5 (4.8, 16.9) 9.1 (4.7, 15.7) 9.5 (4.8, 16.6)
Intermediate/High Frail Score 124,565 (74) 27,880 (73) 152,445 (74)
Admitted for fracture 38,785 (23) 9307 (24) 48,092 (23)
Filled ≥ 1 medication from 90 days prior—fracture date
Opioid 43,018 (26) 14,936 (39) 57,954 (28)
Muscle relaxer 13,381 (8) 5100 (13) 18,481 (9)
Gabapentin 11,907 (7) 2625 (7) 14,532 (7)
Benzodiazepine 16,185 (10) 4525 (12) 20,710 (10)
NSAID 10,875 (6) 3086 (8) 13,961 (7)
Pregabalin 13,558 (8) 3009 (8) 16,567 (8)
Inpatient encounters in year prior to fracture (Median, IQR) 0 (0, 1) 0 (0, 1) 0 (0, 1)
Outpatient encounters in year prior to fracture (Median, IQR) 4 (2, 10) 5 (2, 10) 4 (2, 10)
Fracture Level
Lumbar 69,113 (41) 18,486 (49) 87,599 (43)
Thoracic 60,600 (36) 12,399 (33) 72,999 (35)
Thoracolumbar or Unspecified 38,391 (23) 7149 (19) 45,540 (22)
Patient had buy-in from state b 37,350 (22) 6027 (16) 43,377 (21)
Days from fracture to kyphoplasty 13 (4, 31) 13 (4, 31)
Days of follow-up after fracture (Median, IQR) 456 (203, 746) 487 (243, 761) 456 (213, 761)
a

Frail score derived from Gilbert et al.[23]

b

Patients whose states (including state Medicaid programs) paid their monthly premiums

HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, IQR Interquartile range, NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug