Table 1.
Comparison of patients who received kyphoplasty to those who received no augmentation (control group 1)
| Variable | No Augmentation n = 168,104 (83%) | Kyphoplasty n = 38,034 (17%) | Total n = 206,138 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Median, IQR) | 81.3 (74.4, 87.8) | 80.5 (74.4, 86.4) | 81.1 (74.4, 87.5) |
| Female | 146,007 (87) | 30,850 (81) | 176,857 (86) |
| Patient race | |||
| Unknown | 1287 (0.8) | 229 (0.6) | 1516 (0.7) |
| White | 150,937 (90) | 35,480 (93) | 186,417 (90) |
| Black | 3913 (2.3) | 530 (1.4) | 4443 (2.2) |
| Other | 2642 (1.6) | 413 (1.1) | 3055 (1.5) |
| Asian | 5181 (3.1) | 785 (2.1) | 5966 (2.9) |
| Hispanic | 3403 (2.0) | 483 (1.3) | 3886 (1.9) |
| North American Native | 741 (0.4) | 114 (0.3) | 855 (0.4) |
| Year of Fracture | |||
| 2017 | 60,816 (36) | 14,050 (37) | 74,866 (36) |
| 2018 | 54,758 (33) | 12,899 (34) | 67,657 (33) |
| 2019 | 52,530 (31) | 11,085 (29) | 63,615 (31) |
| Charlson Co-morbidity Score (Median, IQR) | 2.0 (1, 3) | 2.0 (1, 3) | 2.0 (1, 3) |
| 0 | 40,065 (24) | 8815 (23) | 48,880 (24) |
| 1 | 38,403 (23) | 8974 (24) | 47,377 (23) |
| 2–3 | 50,155 (30) | 11,354 (30) | 61,509 (30) |
| 4–5 | 24,118 (14) | 5337 (14) | 29,455 (14) |
| 6 + | 15,363 (9) | 3554 (9) | 18,917 (9) |
| Individual Comorbidities in year prior to fracture | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 42,235 (25) | 9603 (25) | 51,838 (25) |
| Dementia | 27,197 (16) | 4042 (11) | 31,239 (15) |
| Renal failure | 31,105 (19) | 6928 (18) | 38,033 (18) |
| Weight loss | 16,321 (10) | 3096 (8) | 19,417 (9) |
| Hemiplegia | 2480 (1.5) | 468 (1.2) | 2948 (1.4) |
| Alcohol abuse | 798 (0.5) | 236 (0.6) | 1034 (0.5) |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 62,690 (37) | 14,916 (39) | 77,606 (38) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 54,032 (32) | 13,220 (35) | 67,252 (33) |
| Coagulopathy | 8263 (4.9) | 2135 (5.6) | 10,398 (5.0) |
| Complicated diabetes | 25,244 (15) | 6362 (17) | 31,606 (15) |
| Deficiency anemia | 47,309 (28) | 10,417 (27) | 57,726 (28) |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorders | 37,125 (22) | 8419 (22) | 45,544 (22) |
| Liver disease | 9016 (5) | 2348 (6) | 11,364 (6) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 46,799 (28) | 9710 (26) | 56,509 (27) |
| Mood disorders | 39,329 (23) | 8301 (22) | 47,630 (23) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 11,593 (7) | 2822 (7) | 14,415 (7) |
| HIV/AIDS | 169 (0.1) | 29 (0.1) | 198 (0.1) |
| Hypertension | 126,858 (75) | 29,730 (78) | 156,588 (76) |
| Myocardial infarction | 8371 (5) | 1871 (5) | 10,242 (5) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 33,686 (20) | 7810 (21) | 41,496 (20) |
| Rheumatic disease | 16,185 (10) | 3598 (9) | 19,783 (10) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 3643 (2.2) | 928 (2.4) | 4571 (2.2) |
| Diabetes without complications | 38,191 (23) | 9429 (25) | 47,620 (23) |
| Frailty Scorea (Median, IQR) | 9.5 (4.8, 16.9) | 9.1 (4.7, 15.7) | 9.5 (4.8, 16.6) |
| Intermediate/High Frail Score | 124,565 (74) | 27,880 (73) | 152,445 (74) |
| Admitted for fracture | 38,785 (23) | 9307 (24) | 48,092 (23) |
| Filled ≥ 1 medication from 90 days prior—fracture date | |||
| Opioid | 43,018 (26) | 14,936 (39) | 57,954 (28) |
| Muscle relaxer | 13,381 (8) | 5100 (13) | 18,481 (9) |
| Gabapentin | 11,907 (7) | 2625 (7) | 14,532 (7) |
| Benzodiazepine | 16,185 (10) | 4525 (12) | 20,710 (10) |
| NSAID | 10,875 (6) | 3086 (8) | 13,961 (7) |
| Pregabalin | 13,558 (8) | 3009 (8) | 16,567 (8) |
| Inpatient encounters in year prior to fracture (Median, IQR) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) |
| Outpatient encounters in year prior to fracture (Median, IQR) | 4 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 10) | 4 (2, 10) |
| Fracture Level | |||
| Lumbar | 69,113 (41) | 18,486 (49) | 87,599 (43) |
| Thoracic | 60,600 (36) | 12,399 (33) | 72,999 (35) |
| Thoracolumbar or Unspecified | 38,391 (23) | 7149 (19) | 45,540 (22) |
| Patient had buy-in from state b | 37,350 (22) | 6027 (16) | 43,377 (21) |
| Days from fracture to kyphoplasty | – | 13 (4, 31) | 13 (4, 31) |
| Days of follow-up after fracture (Median, IQR) | 456 (203, 746) | 487 (243, 761) | 456 (213, 761) |
a
Frail score derived from Gilbert et al.[23]
b
Patients whose states (including state Medicaid programs) paid their monthly premiums
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, IQR Interquartile range, NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug