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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2023 May 26;34(9):1561–1575. doi: 10.1007/s00198-023-06796-6

Table 2.

Numbers, percentages, and hazard ratios associated with 30-day, 6-month, 12-month, and any time mortality among patients who received kyphoplasty versus those who did not receive augmentation

CONTROL GROUP 1 CONTROL GROUP 2 CONTROL GROUP 3 CONTROL GROUP 4
No Augmentation
n = 168,104
Kyphoplasty
n = 38,034
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) No Augmentation
n = 37,938
Kyphoplasty
n = 37,938
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) No Augmentation
n = 26,282
Kyphoplasty
n = 26,282
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) No Augmentation
n = 6380
Kyphoplasty
n = 6380
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI)
Death within 30 days 4383 (2.6) 278 (0.7) 0.29 (0.26, 0.33) 960 (2.5) 464 (1.2) 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) 445 (1.7) 224 (0.9) 0.35 (0.29, 0.41) 65 (1.0) 44 (0.7) 0.45 (0.30, 0.68)
Median (IQR) time to death (days) 13 (7–21)b 18 (12–24)b 13 (6–22)c 17 (10–24)c 11 (4, 18)c 17 (10, 24)c 9 (2, 21)c 19.5 (9.5, 25.5c
Death within 6 months 14,150 (8.4) 2291 (6.0) 0.71 (0.67, 0.74) 3195 (8.4) 2536 (6.7) 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) 1059 (4.0) 1420 (5.4) 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) 165 (2.6) 273 (4.3) 1.25 (1.03, 1.53)
Median (IQR) time to death (days) 60 (23–113)b 94 (52–134)b 62 (24–119)c 80 (41–125)c 41 (13–94)c 87 (45–128)c 41 (14, 95)c 89 (47, 130)c
Death within 1 year 20,845 (12.4) 3781 (9.9) 0.78 (0.75–0.81) 4769 (12.6) 3946 (10.4) 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) 1340 (5.1) 2293 (8.7) 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) 217 (3.4) 424 (6.7) 1.45 (1.23, 1.72)
Median (IQR) time to death (days) 110 (39–217)b 148 (78–245)b 118 (40–217)c 131 (61–235)c 65 (19–164)c 139 (69–244)c 75 (24, 177)c 135 (66, 235)c
Death any time 31,977 (19.0) 6339 (16.7) 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) 7134 (18.8) 6323 (16.7) 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) 1684 (6.4) 3850 (14.7) 1.32 (1.25, 1.41) 283 (4.4) 748 (11.7) 1.81 (1.58, 2.09)
Median (IQR) time to death (days) 225 (72–480)b 284 (124–524)b 217 (72–461)c 259 (102–500)c 105 (27, 288)c 285 (115, 522)c 132 (32, 342)c 306 (115, 541)c
a

Adjusted for age, sex, race, year of fracture, admission for fracture, pre-fracture fills of opioids, muscle relaxants, gabapentin, benzodiazepine, pregabalin, level of fracture, state buy-in of Medicare, healthcare utilization prior to fracture, Charlson comorbidity score derived from the year prior to fracture, and frailty score

b

Time to death in control group 1 measured from fracture

c

Time to death in control groups 2–4 measured from augmentation/pseudo-augmentation 95% CI 95% confidence interval, IQR Interquartile range