Table 2.
Numbers, percentages, and hazard ratios associated with 30-day, 6-month, 12-month, and any time mortality among patients who received kyphoplasty versus those who did not receive augmentation
| CONTROL GROUP 1 | CONTROL GROUP 2 | CONTROL GROUP 3 | CONTROL GROUP 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Augmentation n = 168,104 |
Kyphoplasty n = 38,034 |
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) | No Augmentation n = 37,938 |
Kyphoplasty n = 37,938 |
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) | No Augmentation n = 26,282 |
Kyphoplasty n = 26,282 |
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) | No Augmentation n = 6380 |
Kyphoplasty n = 6380 |
Adjusteda hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
| Death within 30 days | 4383 (2.6) | 278 (0.7) | 0.29 (0.26, 0.33) | 960 (2.5) | 464 (1.2) | 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) | 445 (1.7) | 224 (0.9) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.41) | 65 (1.0) | 44 (0.7) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.68) |
| Median (IQR) time to death (days) | 13 (7–21)b | 18 (12–24)b | – | 13 (6–22)c | 17 (10–24)c | – | 11 (4, 18)c | 17 (10, 24)c | – | 9 (2, 21)c | 19.5 (9.5, 25.5c | – |
| Death within 6 months | 14,150 (8.4) | 2291 (6.0) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.74) | 3195 (8.4) | 2536 (6.7) | 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) | 1059 (4.0) | 1420 (5.4) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) | 165 (2.6) | 273 (4.3) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.53) |
| Median (IQR) time to death (days) | 60 (23–113)b | 94 (52–134)b | – | 62 (24–119)c | 80 (41–125)c | – | 41 (13–94)c | 87 (45–128)c | – | 41 (14, 95)c | 89 (47, 130)c | – |
| Death within 1 year | 20,845 (12.4) | 3781 (9.9) | 0.78 (0.75–0.81) | 4769 (12.6) | 3946 (10.4) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 1340 (5.1) | 2293 (8.7) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 217 (3.4) | 424 (6.7) | 1.45 (1.23, 1.72) |
| Median (IQR) time to death (days) | 110 (39–217)b | 148 (78–245)b | – | 118 (40–217)c | 131 (61–235)c | – | 65 (19–164)c | 139 (69–244)c | – | 75 (24, 177)c | 135 (66, 235)c | – |
| Death any time | 31,977 (19.0) | 6339 (16.7) | 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) | 7134 (18.8) | 6323 (16.7) | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) | 1684 (6.4) | 3850 (14.7) | 1.32 (1.25, 1.41) | 283 (4.4) | 748 (11.7) | 1.81 (1.58, 2.09) |
| Median (IQR) time to death (days) | 225 (72–480)b | 284 (124–524)b | – | 217 (72–461)c | 259 (102–500)c | – | 105 (27, 288)c | 285 (115, 522)c | – | 132 (32, 342)c | 306 (115, 541)c | – |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, year of fracture, admission for fracture, pre-fracture fills of opioids, muscle relaxants, gabapentin, benzodiazepine, pregabalin, level of fracture, state buy-in of Medicare, healthcare utilization prior to fracture, Charlson comorbidity score derived from the year prior to fracture, and frailty score
b
Time to death in control group 1 measured from fracture
c
Time to death in control groups 2–4 measured from augmentation/pseudo-augmentation 95% CI 95% confidence interval, IQR Interquartile range