Table 1.

Risk factors of IAH and ACS by category with associated references

Category	Risk factor	Reference
Elasticity of abdominal wall and diaphragm (diminished abdominal wall compliance)	Abdominal surgery	[14]
	Major trauma	[15]
	Major burns	[16]
	Prone positioning	[17]
	High PEEP	[18]
Increased intraluminal content	Gastroparesis/gastric distention	[19]
	Ileus	[20]a)
	Colonic pseudo-obstruction	[21]a)
	Volvulus	[22]a)
Increased abdominal content	Acute pancreatitis	[23]
	Distended abdomen	[24]
	Hemoperitoneum/intra-peritoneal fluid collections	[25,26]
	Intra-abdominal infection/abscess	[27]
	Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal mass	[28]
	Laparoscopy with excessive insufflation pressure	[29]
	Liver cirrhosis with ascites	[30]
	Peritoneal dialysis	[31]
Systemic condition due to capillary leak/fluid resuscitation	Acidosis	[11]
	Massive fluid resuscitation or massive transfusion	[32]
	Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	[33]
	Sepsis	[34]
Underlying cause	Head elevation state in bed	[35]
	Obesity	[36]
	Peritonitis	[37]
	Pregnancy	[38]

IAH: intra-abdominal hypertension; ACS: abdominal compartment syndrome; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure.

^a)References from case series.