Table 1.

Experimental study of natural drugs on gut microbiota in DKD.

Ingredient	Source	Moulding method	Effect on gut microbiota	Action mechanism	Related literature
Bupleurum polysaccharides (BP)	Bupleurum	STZ (1 mg/kg)	Reverse the decrease of Bacteroides abundance and the increase of Proteobacteria and Ferribacterium abundance.	Inhibit TLR1 levels, reduce TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the kidney, and improve intestinal barrier.	[189]
Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides (CCP)	Cordyceps sinensis	STZ (0.1 mg/kg)	Increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes, decrease Proteobacteria and Deferribacteres.	Block TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling pathways, decrease the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.	[35]
Cornus	Cornus	STZ (35 mg/kg)	Increase the abundance of gut lactobacilli and increase SCFA content.	Reduce inflammatory infiltration.	[190]
Ginsenoside compound K	Ginseng	db/db mice	Decrease the level of Bacteroides and increase the level of Lactobacillus.	Reverse the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression, inhibit NF-κB, decrease the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, and downregulate the expression of the IMP-induced TLR4 signaling pathway.	[191]
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB)	Salvia miltiorrhiza	STZ (40 mg/kg)	Reduce the abundance of Shigella and Aspergillus species.	Regulate BA metabolism, restore intestinal barrier integrity, and inhibit inflammatory cell release.	[192]
Resveratrol	Polygonum cuspidatum, mulberry	db/db mice	Restore the proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroides.	Reduce the kidney mRNA levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β.	[217]