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. 2023 Dec 7;29(12):3184–3192. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02653-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Sample sizes in different ancestral groups. b, Relationship between sample size and number of independent variants identified. Kranzler et al., 2019: cross-ancestry meta-analysis for AUD; Zhou et al., 2020: PAU in EUR. c, Lookup for cross-ancestry replication in AFR for the 85 independent variants in the EUR meta-analysis. Of the 85 variants, 76 could be analyzed in AFR (Methods). A sign test was performed for the number of variants with same direction of effect (64/76, binomial test P = 1.0 × 10⁻⁹). Twenty-three variants were nominally significant (P < 0.05) in AFR and six were significant after multiple correction (P < 0.05/76 = 6.58 × 10⁻⁴). d, Observed-scale and liability-scale SNP-based heritability (h²) in multiple ancestries. For PAU in EUR, N = 903,147 and for AUD, N = 753,249 (EUR), N = 122,571 (AFR) and N = 38,962 (LA). The error bar is the 95% confidence interval. e, Cross-ancestry genetic-effect correlation (ρ_ge) and genetic-impact correlation (ρ_gi) among EUR (N = 903,147), AFR (N = 122,571) and LA (N = 38,962) ancestries. The error bar is the 95% confidence interval. f, Genome-wide association results for PAU in the cross-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,079,947 and N_effective = 646,371). Effective sample size-weighted meta-analyses were performed using METAL. Red line is significance threshold of 5 × 10⁻⁸.