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. 2023 Dec 8;29(12):3149–3161. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02644-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — (a, b) Pie charts showing the mean percentage of GFAP⁺MIB1⁺ cells among the total GFAP⁺ population in the intact and CCM-affected cerebral parenchyma and regions of mild, moderate and severe gliosis (n = 4 patients). (c-e) Immunohistochemical detection of GAL3 (based on the diamnobenzidine reaction) in postmortem samples of the cerebral cortex from TBI patients (n = 4). Higher magnification of boxed areas (c′e′) shows details of GAL3 immunoreactivity within the uninjured region (c), the penumbra (d) and directly at the border of the lesion (e). (f, g) Representative single optical projections of GFAP and MIB1 immunolabelling in the intact (f) and TBI-affected (g) cerebral cortex (n = 3 patients). Note that some hypertrophic GFAP⁺ astrocytes are MIB1⁺ and divide within the gliotic GM (white arrowheads in inserts g′, g′′). (h) Maximum intensity projections show examples for GFAP, GAL3 and MIB1 immunolabeling in the TBI-affected cerebral GM (left panel) and WM (right panel) (n = 3 patients). Examples of MIB1⁺GFAP⁺GAL3⁺ cells are indicated by white arrowheads, and the boxed areas (h′ and h′′) are shown at higher magnification. Further examples in Fig. 6 and Extended Data Fig. 9. BV: blood vessel, GM: cerebral grey matter, WM: cerebral white matter. Scale bars: 200 µm (c, d, e), 100 µm (c′, f, g), 50 µm (d′, e′, h).

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