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. 2023 Nov 20;29(12):3033–3043. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02640-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Schematic diagram of the proportion of the pancreatic lesion scanned in chest non-contrast CT. We categorize all cases into three categories, that is, lesion not scanned, lesion partially scanned, and lesion fully scanned, based on the relative position of the lowest scanned slice and the lesion. b, The proportion of the three categories in PDAC and non-PDAC cases. c, ROC curve for lesion detection on non-contrast chest CT. d, Proportion of lesions detected by PANDA in the PDAC (n = 63) and non-PDAC cases (n = 51). Error bars indicate 95% CI. The center shows the computed mean of the metric specified by the respective axis labels. The results of subgroups with too few samples to be studied reliably (≤10) are omitted and marked as ‘n/a’. e, Illustration of how PANDA can detect lesions that are not scanned in chest CT. Two scans of the same patient showing that PANDA can detect dilated pancreatic duct (usually caused by PDAC) even when the PDAC is not scanned. f, PANDA can detect early-stage PDACs and metastatic cancer that was initially misdetected by the radiologists on chest non-contrast CT (COVID-19 prevention CT).