Extended Data Table 1.

Dataset characteristics

T stage (AJCC eighth edition), TNM stage (AJCC eighth edition), and location are displayed for the PDAC patients. no., number; IQR, interquartile range; Internal Addition, additional cohort to enhance the evaluation of differential diagnosis, together with the 175 patients with pancreatic lesions in the internal test cohort, constitute the internal differential diagnosis cohort (n=786); SHCMU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; FAHZU, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; XH, Xinhua Hospital; FUSCC, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; TMUCIH, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; SYUCC, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; GPPH, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; GUHP, General University Hospital in Prague; RW, real-world cohort.