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. 2023 Dec 12;29(12):3050–3058. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02600-4

Fig. 4. Cost-effectiveness plane depicting relationship between cost and HALYs for each screening strategy.

Fig. 4

The results are shown for alternative primary screening and triaging options and for different relevant screening intervals and age ranges. For those strategies appearing on the cost-effectiveness frontier, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is noted (cost per HALY). ASCUS, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; USD, US dollar ($); yrly, yearly; yrs, years. *All positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. **Triage positive referred to colposcopy. ^^VIA triage positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. ^HPV 16/18 positive women treated after assessment of eligibility for ablative treatment. Women positive for HPV types other than HPV 16/18 (‘OHR’) are triaged with VIA. +0% discount rate for effect, 3% discount rate for cost. As a reference point for a potential WTP threshold across 78 LMICs, the population-weighted average GDP per capita (pc) for 2019 across the 78 LMIC is US$2,093, and 69 of 78 (89%) of LMICs had a GDP pc equal to or above US$530 and 77/78 (99%) of LMICs had a GDP pc equal to or above US$136.