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. 2023 Dec 13;624(7991):415–424. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06638-9

Fig. 1. Conserved retinal structure across vertebrates.

Fig. 1

a, Cartoon of a section through a vertebrate retina showing the arrangement of its six major cell classes: photoreceptors (including rods (r) and cones (c)), horizontal cells (HC), bipolar cells (BC), amacrine cells (AC), retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and Müller glia (MG). The outer segments of rods and cones (OS), outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL)—which contain cell somata—are indicated, as are the outer (synaptic) layer (OPL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). b, Phylogeny of the 17 vertebrate species analysed in this work. The scale bar on the right indicates estimated divergence time. c, Sections from retinas of eight species immunostained for RBPMS (a pan-RGC marker), CHX10 (also known as VSX2) (a pan-bipolar cell marker) and AP2A (also known as TFAP2A) (a pan-amacrine cell marker) and stained with the nuclear stain DAPI. Scale bars, 25 µm. Figures are representative of images from three retinas.