TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with KOA before and after vitamin D2 supplementation.
| Variables | Patients with KOA (n = 165) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D2 supplementation | |||
| Before intervention | After intervention | ||
| Gender (F/M) | 149 (90.30%):16 (9.70%) | 149 (90.30%):16 (9.70%) | 1.000 |
| Age (years) | 65.00 (60.00, 69.00) | 65.00 (60.00, 69.00) | 1.000 |
| Body composition | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.97 (22.95, 28.31) | 24.75 (22.73, 28.09) | 0.061 |
| ASMM (kg) | 16.58 (15.08, 20.08) | 16.50 (15.09, 19.91) | 0.169 |
| Percentage of fat (%) | 35.87 (30.78, 40.06) | 33.73 (28.64, 37.92) | 0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 21.44 (17.39, 27.93) | 19.71 (16.11, 25.75) | 0.001 |
| Radiographic severity | |||
| KL grade 0 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.000 |
| KL grade 1 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.000 |
| KL grade 2 | 43 (26.06%) | 43 (26.06%) | 1.000 |
| KL grade 3 | 51 (30.91%) | 51 (30.91%) | 1.000 |
| KL grade 4 | 71 (43.03%) | 71 (43.03%) | 1.000 |
| Pain and physical disability | |||
| VAS (0–10) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 2.59 (2.00, 5.00) | 0.003 |
| WOMAC (0–10) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 2.74 (2.00, 4.00) | 0.395 |
| Muscle strength | |||
| Grip strength (kg) | 17.02 (18.74, 26.06) | 17.67 (19.39, 26.71) | <0.001 |
| Knee extension force (N) | 256.01 (202.88, 309.14) | 358.61 (310.57, 406.65) | <0.001 |
| Physical performance | |||
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.82 (0.78, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.32) | 0.002 |
| TUGT (s) | 9.30 (8.11, 11.51) | 8.14 (7.13, 10.17) | <0.001 |
| STS (s) | 12.33 (11.57, 18.17) | 10.74 (9.80, 16.76) | <0.001 |
| 6MWT (m) | 374.02 (318.09, 424.35) | 424.00 (369.14, 473.26) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic markers | |||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 95.84 (86.45, 109.67) | 96.27 (84.56, 112.42) | 0.589 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 4.00 (2.00, 9.00) | 4.77 (2.00, 9.00) | 0.197 |
| HOMA‐IR | 0.94 (0.36, 2.32) | 1.15 (0.39, 2.71) | 0.117 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 210.44 (185.78, 238.10) | 211.40 (184.86, 240.94) | 0.659 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 116.84 (89.19, 163.49) | 114.20 (82.36, 165.04) | 0.134 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131.22 (110.77, 160.07) | 123.44 (102.82, 152.46) | <0.001 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.62 (46.00, 64.00) | 55.72 (46.00, 64.00) | 0.006 |
| Biochemical markers | |||
| PTH (pg/mL) | 49.57 (37.84, 68.56) | 43.00 (26.90, 66.36) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.19 (9.00, 9.50) | 9.28 (9.00, 9.50) | 0.033 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.50 (3.40, 4.00) | 3.67 (3.40, 4.00) | 0.083 |
| hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 1.70 (0.43, 4.00) | 1.06 (0.18, 3.76) | 0.014 |
| IL‐6 (pg/mL) | 22.36 (1.65, 43.09) | 20.58 (15.95, 25.23) | 0.014 |
| Protein carbonyl (nmol/mg) | 0.66 (0.43, 1.15) | 0.57 (0.43, 0.97) | 0.010 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 20.84 (17.52, 23.94) | 32.25 (26.87, 37.41) | <0.001 |
| LC3A (pg/mL) | 65.04 (49.20, 87.54) | 60.04 (45.37, 82.20) | <0.001 |
Note: Data are represented as either median interquartile range (IQR) or Q1, Q3) for continuous variables or percentages for categorical variables. Bold values denote statistically significant at p‐ value less than 0.05 (two‐tailed).
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; 6MWT, 6‐min walk test; ASMM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA‐IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment‐Insulin Resistance; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; KL, Kellgren‐Lawrence; KOA, knee osteoarthritis; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; LC3A, microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3A; PTH, parathyroid hormone; STS, sit‐to‐stand test; TUGT, timed up and go test; VAS, visual analog scale; WOMAC, Western Ontario and MacMaster University.