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. 2023 Apr 28;53(15):7350–7357. doi: 10.1017/S0033291723000934

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© The Author(s) 2023

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — models of the structure of psychopathology with and without cognition.

Note. Abbreviations. P, A general factor of psychopathology; Ex, Externalizing; In, Internalizing; TD, Thought Disorder; SA, Substance Abuse; CD, Conduct Disorder (i.e. Hostility); IS, Interpersonal Sensitivity; De, Depression; An, Anxiety; PA, Phobic Anxiety; OC, Obsessive-Compulsive, Ps, Psychoticism; PI, Paranoid Ideation; IQ, Intelligence Quotient; VU, Verbal Understanding; VS, Visual-Spatial problem-solving abilities; MR, Mathematical reasoning; Ca, Categorization abilities.

The numbers represent the standardized loadings beta estimates. Green lines represent positive estimates, whereas red lines represent negative estimates. All factor loadings are statistically significant. Due to multicollinearity, the standardized loadings estimates can exceed the bounds of (−1,1) (Deegan, 1978).