Reach-to-grasp adjustments required in Experiments 1 and 2. In most trials, the object rotated 180° (unperturbed), leaving the grasp aperture or grasp orientation unperturbed (left column). In a minority of trials, the object rotated 90° (perturbed), necessitating either an increase in grasp aperture (Experiment 1) or a change in grasp orientation (Experiment 2). Also shown are placements of the infrared light–emitting diodes, which allow tracking of hand position.