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. 2023 Dec 14;22:201. doi: 10.1186/s12904-023-01321-2

Table 2.

Associations between basic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and intentions

Personal characteristics All knowledge Knowledge of ACP and AD Knowledge of PSDA Goals of ACP and AD Barriers to ACP and AD PSDA Importance of ACP Intention to sign Intention to LST
Gender -0.294 -0.767 -0.062 -0.582 0.384 -0.866 -2.201* -2.957** 0.813
 Male 2.26 0.63 1.63 46.75 46.00 45.07 37.75 18.61 10.98
 Female 2.45 0.79 1.66 47.53 45.37 46.01 40.32 20.69 10.56
Agea 3.234* 2.668* 3.162* 2.748* 1.616 3.469* 2.663* 0.565 1.168
  < 49y/o 3.05 1.05 2.00 49.75 42.17 48.02 41.69 20.55 10.65
 50 ~ 64y/o 3.10 0.86 2.24 47.93 45.86 46.24 39.35 19.29 11.25
 65 ~ 74y/o 0.84 0.24 0.60 44.16 48.17 43.26 37.55 19.24 10.71
  ≥ 75 y/o 1.48 0.48 1.00 45.79 45.88 43.76 36.48 19.24 9.99
 Post Hoc
Level of educationa 7.922*** 4.550* 8.626*** 5.748** 4.586* 3.283* 1.805 2.786 0.360
 Below Junior High School 0.95 0.31 0.64 44.07 49.13 43.69 37.27 18.60 10.70
 Junior High School 2.08 0.69 1.40 47.42 45.21 45.47 38.89 19.17 10.63
 College and above 3.93 1.07 2.86 49.45 43.20 47.07 40.14 20.61 11.12
 Post Hoc 3 > 2 > 1 3 > 1 3 > 2 > 1 3 > 1 1 > 3 3 > 1
Marriagea 4.600* 6.172** 3.556* 0.775 1.109 0.835 4.998** 2.359 0.369
 Married 2.28 0.63 1.64 50.73 42.27 45.23 38.81 19.37 10.79
 Single 3.95 1.40 2.55 52.90 39.02 47.02 41.59 20.90 11.20
 Divorced, Separated, Widowed 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.63 43.09 44.64 33.73 17.73 10.27
 Post Hoc 2 > 3 2 > 1,3 2 > 3 2 > 3
Religona 0.653 0.626 0.706 3.067 2.097 1.612 1.504 1.092 0.149
 No 1.73 0.55 1.18 49.91 39.03 43.85 38.12 18.57 10.97
 Buddhism or Taoism 2.53 0.72 1.81 51.97 42.91 46.06 38.66 19.76 10.80
 Roman Catholicism or Christianity 2.70 1.00 1.70 45.90 41.80 45.60 42.30 19.87 10.40
 Post Hoc
Residential Statusa 0.009 0.077 0.062 4.377* 0.222 1.267 0.676 0.018 0.342
 Living Alone 2.38 0.75 1.63 42.25 47.50 42.38 36.13 19.50 11.38
 Living with Family 2.34 0.69 1.66 47.58 45.58 45.62 38.97 19.45 10.75
 Living with Others 2.00 1.00 1.00 36.00 48.00 48.00 40.00 20.00 12.00
 Post Hoc
Financial Statusa 1.315 0.441 1.735 0.635 1.118 0.700 0.740 1.651 3.250*
 Sufficient work income to support 2.80 0.82 1.98 48.20 43.89 45.23 39.11 19.82 11.07
 Sufficient savings or retirement funds to support 2.88 0.74 2.15 45.91 46.89 46.52 39.50 18.38 11.64
 Depend on family and friends for support 1.60 0.58 1.02 46.79 46.25 44.66 38.50 20.17 9.76
 Depend on social assistance for support 1.29 0.43 0.86 47.14 48.95 46.62 35.43 18.14 11.57
 Post Hoc 2 > 3
Comorbidityt
 Hypertension 0.689 0.865 0.549 0.424 -2.456* -.392 0.469 0.913 -2.123*
  Yes 2.52 0.77 1.75 47.31 44.09 45.28 39.05 19.74 10.36
  No 2.09 0.59 1.50 46.74 48.04 45.70 38.47 19.08 11.44
 Cardiovascular disease -0.80 -0.348 -0.950 -3.483*** 0.473 -1.476 -1.886 -2.004* 0.110
  Yes 1.91 0.64 1.27 43.33 46.39 44.12 36.89 18.26 10.85
  No 2.49 0.72 1.77 48.35 45.52 45.91 39.47 19.88 10.80
 Diabetes mellitus -2.076* -2.170* -1.901 -1.148 0.602 0.946 -0.352 -0.687 1.050
  Yes 1.58 0.44 1.13 46.15 46.33 46.07 38.55 19.17 11.14
  No 2.86 0.87 1.99 47.69 45.34 45.04 38.98 19.67 10.59
 Heart failure 0.699 0.979 0.696 2.216* -1.431 -0.398 2.448* 1.437 -0.321
  Yes 4.00 1.20 2.80 54.20 40.00 44.40 46.00 22.00 10.40
  No 2.27 0.68 1.60 46.78 45.97 45.50 38.52 19.36 10.83
 Ischemic heart disease 0.089 0.091 0.083 -1.041 -1.273 -3.578* 0.651 0.268 -0.154
  Yes 2.50 0.75 1.75 43.25 40.00 40.50 41.00 20.00 10.76
  No 2.34 0.70 1.64 47.19 45.92 45.62 38.74 19.45 10.81
 Dyslipidemia -0.116 -0.266 -0.041 -1.334 -0.903 -1.089 -1.361 -0.437 0.218
  Yes 2.23 0.62 1.62 44.46 43.56 43.73 36.37 19.00 10.98
  No 2.35 0.71 1.65 47.36 45.98 45.65 39.08 19.52 10.79
 Peptic ulcer disease 0.417 -0.190 0.663 1.020 0.076 0.088 1.483 0.188 0.621
  Yes 3.00 0.60 2.40 50.40 46.05 45.69 39.76 19.80 11.60
  No 2.31 0.70 1.61 46.93 45.73 45.45 38.77 19.45 10.78
 Stroke 0.089 0.091 0.083 1.073 -0.384 0.182 -0.396 -0.736 1.011
  Yes 2.50 0.75 1.75 51.00 44.00 46.00 37.47 18.00 12.25
  No 2.34 0.70 1.64 46.94 45.80 45.44 38.85 19.51 10.76
 Arrhythmia 1.233 0.424 1.320 0.409 1.414 -0.931 -1.549 -0.801 -0.041
  Yes 3.25 0.80 2.45 47.70 48.40 44.30 36.64 18.80 10.78
  No 2.17 0.68 1.50 46.95 45.25 45.67 39.20 19.59 10.81
 Cancer 0.290 0.588 0.137 0.223 1.008 -0.013 1.542 -0.827 2.016*
  Yes 2.80 1.00 1.80 47.80 49.80 45.40 43.40 18.00 13.34
  No 2.32 0.69 1.64 47.04 45.58 45.46 38.62 19.52 10.71
 Other 1.994* 2.124* 1.615 0.756 -2.936** 0.729 0.387 1.556 -0.303
  Yes 3.84 1.32 2.53 48.26 40.19 46.39 39.37 20.79 10.58
  No 2.08 0.59 1.49 46.86 46.70 45.30 38.71 19.24 10.85
 Times of weekly hemodialysis 0.636 1.703 0.119 2.628* -0.578 0.141 0.767 1.202 -0.185
  2 3.13 1.38 1.75 53.63 43.92 45.75 40.60 21.13 10.63
  3 2.29 0.65 1.64 46.63 45.86 45.44 38.69 19.36 10.82
 Vintage of hemodialysisa 1.657 0.831 1.885 2.761 3.783* 1.133 0.216 0.462 0.616
  Less than 5 years 1.73 0.56 1.17 47.34 43.95 45.64 39.18 19.75 10.76
  6–10 years 3.00 0.86 2.14 44.92 49.08 46.31 38.74 18.94 11.21
   > 10years 2.70 0.76 1.94 49.00 45.19 44.18 38.21 19.54 10.45
  Post Hoc 2 > 1
Primary reasons for choosing the current dialysis methoda 0.431 0.375 0.403 0.285 0.093 1.115 0.139 0.400 0.642
 Doctor’s recommendation 2.40 0.72 1.67 46.83 45.74 44.87 38.95 19.66 10.62
 Personal preference 2.34 0.68 1.66 47.36 45.61 46.54 38.45 19.05 11.20
 Family’s expectations 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.50 48.50 46.00 40.50 20.50 10.00
 Post Hoc
(Formerly) Engaged in medical-related workt 1.353 1.067 1.390 -0.604 -0.076 -0.642 -0.131 -0.155 -0.563
 Yes 4.00 1.13 2.88 44.63 45.50 44.13 38.50 19.25 10.25
 No 2.23 0.67 1.56 47.23 45.76 45.54 38.83 19.48 10.85
Feeling uncertain about the current dialysis decisiont -2.462* -1.049 -2.983** 0.696 -0.742 -0.426 -0.557 -0.424 -2.160*
 Yes 0.80 0.40 0.40 48.33 44.08 44.83 37.57 19.05 9.31
 No 2.54 0.74 1.81 46.90 45.96 45.54 38.97 19.52 11.01
Have already signed a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order or an Advance Directive for Palliative and Life-Sustaining Treatmentt 1.189 1.371 1.313 2.526* -0.944 0.030 -0.573 1.561 -1.978
 Yes 3.47 1.06 2.41 51.24 43.78 45.50 37.92 20.88 9.53
 No 2.17 0.64 1.53 46.44 46.04 45.45 38.94 19.25 11.00
Healthcare professionals have discussed the prognosis and estimated survival time of dialysis with you and your familyt 1.526 1.571 1.482 1.875 0.463 -0.091 -0.206 1.873 0.224
 Yes 3.79 1.16 2.63 50.00 46.64 45.34 38.51 21.05 10.95
 No 2.09 0.62 1.47 46.56 45.58 45.48 38.86 19.19 10.79
Healthcare professionals have discussed medical decisions in case the condition worsens and becomes life-threatening with you or your familyt 1.011 1.404 0.902 3.167** -0.748 0.569 0.978 1.399 0.213
 Yes 3.33 1.06 2.28 52.06 44.23 46.45 40.27 20.44 10.94
 No 2.18 0.64 1.54 46.26 45.98 45.30 38.57 19.31 10.79
Healthcare professionals have provided you or your family with information about Advance Care Planning (ACP) and Advance Directive (AD)t 2.499* 2.595* 1.538 1.143 -0.134 0.779 -0.524 0.413 -1.271
 Yes 6.20 2.00 4.20 50.80 45.20 47.52 36.20 20.20 9.20
 No 2.19 0.65 1.54 46.92 45.76 45.37 38.91 19.44 10.87
Have previously discussed medical decisions in case the condition worsens and becomes life-threatening with your familyt 3.794*** 3.541** 3.647** 3.585*** -0.594 2.318* 2.726** 4.118*** -1.297
 Yes 4.28 1.28 3.00 50.43 45.02 47.27 41.19 21.53 10.32
 No 1.47 0.44 1.03 45.56 46.06 44.64 37.73 18.54 11.03

Post Hoc: scheff

*P < 0.05

**P < 0.01

***P < 0.001

tt-test

aANOVA