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. 2023 Dec 14;42:338. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02922-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Anticancer effects of nutlin-3a confirmed in vivo. A Representative confocal images of CM-Dil-labeled cancer cells (red) and vasculature (green) in zebrafish larvae (left). Quantified data show cancer cell volume after nutlin-3a treatment and GlcNAc co-treatment compared with that of the control group (right). Supplement of GlcNAc-rescued cancer cell volume reduces after nutlin-3a treatment. B, C Images (B) and comparison (C) of growth rates of subcutaneous tumors formed by A549 injection; tumor growth is observed in the presence or absence of nutlin-3a. D Weight of mice after treatment with either vehicle control or nutlin-3a on the day of euthanasia. E Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki67 expression in tumor tissues. F Vacuole examination in H&E stained tumor tissues. Red arrows indicate vacuoles. G Western blot analysis of GFPT2 and p53 expression in in vivo xenograft tumors. The densitometry quantification of the western blot was determined using Image J software (Ver. 1/52n, NIH). H Proposed mechanism of nutlin-3a-induced methuosis-like cell death. Scale bar: 20 μm for (A) and 50 μm for (E, F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; n = 6. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with control