Table 3:

Association of lifestyle, social, and mental health factors with worsening of cognitive trajectory across the 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic in the whole cohort and two subgroups

	Working memory (mean of Paired Associate Learning, Self-Ordered Search, and Digit Span tasks)		Executive function (Verbal Reasoning test)
	β (95% CI, SE)	p value	β (95% CI, SE)	p value
Pandemic year 1
Whole cohort
Exercise	−3·344 (−6·402 to −0·286; 0·146)	0·61	−1·694 (−2·778 to −0·610; 0·311)	0·0049
Alcohol	−1·333 (−2·327 to −0·339; 0·173)	0·049	−1·675 (−2·760 to −0·590; 0·301)	0·92
Loneliness	−0·348 (−0·439 to −0·257; 0·131)	0·061	−1·813 (−3·156 to −0·470; 0·240)	0·84
Depression	−3·112 (−6·161 to −0·063; 0·032)	0·51	−1·163 (−2·155 to −0·171; 0·087)	0·073
History of COVID-19
Exercise	−2·263 (−4·181 to −0·345; 0·176)	0·014	−3·354 (−6·173 to −0·535; 0·273)	0·0020
Alcohol	−1·050 (−2·082 to −0·018; 0·009)	0·023	−1·661 (−2·914 to −0·408; 0·208)	0·11
Loneliness	−3·438 (−6·590 to −0·286; 0·146)	0·072	−4·038 (−7·555 to −0·521; 0·266)	0·092
Depression	−2·279 (−4·489 to −0·069; 0·035)	0·011	−4·913 (−9·655 to −0·171; 0·087)	0·054
Mild cognitive impairment
Exercise	−2·741 (−4·870 to −0·612; 0·312)	0·0051	−1·509 (−2·604 to −0·414; 0·211)	0·78
Alcohol	−2·281 (−4·362 to −0·200; 0·102)	0·031	−2·772 (−4·766 to −0·778; 0·397)	0·038
Loneliness	−1·648 (−2·835 to −0·461; 0·235)	0·0038	−1·591 (−2·708 to −0·474; 0·242)	0·53
Depression	−1·688 (−2·861 to −0·515; 0·263)	0·051	−1·732 (−3·292 to −0·172; 0·088)	0·28
Pandemic year 2
Whole cohort
Exercise	−2·379 (−4·203 to −0·555; 0·283)	0·019	1·194 (−0·559 to 2·947; 0·285)	0·062
Alcohol	−0·259 (−0·022 to −0·496; 0·253)	0·21	−0·198 (−0·417 to 0·021; 0·213)	0·083
Loneliness	−0·468 (−0·381 to −0·555; 0·283)	0·92	−1·253 (−1·951 to −0·555; 0·283)	0·0060
Depression	−2·150 (−4·267to −0·033; 0·017)	0·86	−1·027 (−1·915 to −0·139; 0·071)	0·93
History of COVID-19
Exercise	−1·969 (−3·470 to −0·468; 0·239)	0·0029	−3·014 (−5·618 to −0·410; 0·209)	0·14
Alcohol	1·402 (−0·500 to 3·304; 0·255)	0·24	−1·107 (−1·659 to −0·555; 0·283)	0·30
Loneliness	−3·033 (−5·672 to −0·394; 0·201)	0·031	−3·115 (−5·695 to −0·535; 0·273)	0·051
Depression	−3·878 (−7·662 to −0·094; 0·048)	0·036	−3·097 (−6·141 to −0·053; 0·027)	0·89
Mild cognitive impairment
Exercise	−1·738 (−2·998 to −0·478; 0·244)	0·44	−0·904 (−1·320 to −0·488; 0·249)	0·041
Alcohol	−2·331 (−3·952 to −0·710; 0·362)	0·0040	−1·650 (−2·808 to −0·492; 0·251)	0·93
Loneliness	−1·366 (−2·183 to −0·549; 0·280)	0·042	−0·210 (−0·525 to 0·105; 0·268)	0·062
Depression	−1·540 (−2·941 to −0·139; 0·071)	0·014	−0·390 (−0·660 to −0·120; 0·061)	0·42