Table 2. ERA test variables: descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, 95% confidence intervals, sample size) and group comparisons (two-sided Student’s t-test and two-sided Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test) of the observed ERA data.
| Measures | Trainee psychotherapists | Control group | Total | Statistic | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) [95% CI] | M (SD) [95% CI] | M (SD) [95% CI] | t\U [95% CI] | d/r [95% CI]b | |
| PRE ( N = 154) | n = 49 | n = 105 | |||
| ERAM total | 0.45 (0.08) [0.42–0.47] |
0.39 (0.09) [0.38–0.41] |
0.41 (0.09) [0.40–0.42] |
t(152) = 3.64 p < 0.001*** [0.25–0.86] |
d = 0.63 [0.32–0.98] |
| ERAM audio | 0.43 (0.11) [0.40–0.46] |
0.36 (0.11) [0.34–0.38] |
0.38 (0.11) [0.36–0.40] |
t(152) = 3.84 p < 0.001*** [0.04–0.11] |
d = 0.67 [0.34–1.03] |
| ERAM video | 0.42 (0.11) [0.39–0.46] |
0.42 (0.12) [0.40–0.45] |
0.42 (0.11) [0.41–0.44] |
t(152) = 0.15 p = 0.88 [−0.04 to 0.4] |
d = 0.03 [−0.30 to 0.36] |
| ERAM audio-video | 0.64 (0.13) [0.61–0.68] |
0.55 (0.13) [0.53–0.57] |
0.58 (0.13) [0.56–0.60] |
t(152) = 4.26 p < 0.001*** [0.05–0.14] |
d = 0.74 [0.40–1.08] |
| ERAM positive valence | 0.47 (0.11) [0.44–0.50] |
0.43 (0.12) [0.41–0.46] |
0.44 (0.12) [0.43–0.46] |
t(152) = 2.05 p = 0.04* [0.00–0.08] |
d = 0.35 [0.02–0.69] |
| ERAM negative valence | 0.43 (0.09) [0.40–0.46] |
0.36 (0.11) [0.34–0.39] |
0.39 (0.11) [0.37–0.40] |
t(152) = 3.58 p < 0.001*** [0.03–0.10] |
d = 0.62 [0.31–1.01] |
| ERAM high arousal | 0.46 (0.10) [0.43–0.49] |
0.41 (0.11) [0.39–0.43] |
0.43 (0.11) [0.41–0.44] |
U = 3,182 p = 0.02* [0.01–0.08] |
r = 0.19 [0.04–0.33] |
| ERAM low arousal | 0.64 (0.09) [0.61–0.66] |
0.58 (0.11) [0.56–0.60] |
0.60 (0.11) [0.58–0.62] |
U = 3,358 p = 0.002** [0.03–0.08] |
r = 0.25 [0.09–0.4] |
| MICRO total | 0.50 (0.14) [0.46–0.54] |
0.45 (0.15) [0.42–0.54] |
0.46 (0.15) [0.44–0.49] |
t(152) = 2.02 p = 0.05* [0.00–0.10] |
d = 0.35 [0.03–0.76] |
| FOLLOW-UP ( n = 72) | n = 31 | n = 41 | |||
| ERAM total | 0.45 (0.09) [0.42–0.47] |
0.45 (0.10) [0.43–0.47] |
0.45 (0.09) [0.43–0.47] |
t(70) = 0.19 p = 0.85 [−0.05 to 0.04] |
d = −0.04 [−0.48 to 0.44] |
| ERAM audio | 0.41 (0.10) [0.39–0.44] |
0.39 (0.11) [0.39–0.44] |
0.40 (0.10) [0.37–0.42] |
t(70) = 1.05 p = 0.30 [−0.02 to 0.08] |
d = 0.25 [−0.24 to 0.75] |
| ERAM video | 0.43 (0.13) [0.39–0.47] |
0.49 (0.13) [0.46–0.51] |
0.46 (0.14) [0.43–0.49] |
t(70) = −1.74 p = 0.09 [−0.12 to 0.01] |
d = −0.41 [−0.92 to 0.02] |
| ERAM audio-video | 0.67 (0.13) [0.63–0.70] |
0.63 (0.14) [0.60–0.70] |
0.64 (0.14) [0.61–0.68] |
U = 707 p = 0.42 [−0.04 to 0.09] |
r = 0.10 [0.00–0.34] |
| ERAM positive valence | 0.47 (0.15) [0.43–0.51] |
0.50 (0.12) [0.47–0.52] |
0.48 (0.13) [0.45–0.51] |
t(70) = −0.94 p = 0.35 [−0.09 to 0.03] |
d = −0.22 [−0.72 to 0.3] |
| ERAM negative valence | 0.44 (0.08) [0.41–0.46] |
0.42 (0.10) [0.40–0.44] |
0.43 (0.09) [0.41–0.45] |
t(70) = 0.66 p = 0.51 [−0.03 to 0.06] |
d = 0.16 [−0.33 to 0.64] |
| ERAM high arousal | 0.46 (0.11) [0.43–0.49] |
0.45 (0.11) [0.43–0.47] |
0.45 (0.11) [0.43–0.48] |
U = 661 p = 0.78 [−0.05 to 0.06] |
r = 0.03 [0.00–0.28] |
| ERAM low arousal | 0.64 (0.11) [0.61–0.67] |
0.66 (0.11) [0.63–0.67] |
0.65 (0.11) [0.63–0.67] |
U = 566 p = 0.43 [−0.08 to 0.03] |
r = 0.09 [0.01–0.34] |
| MICRO total | 0.54 (0.16) [0.49–0.58] |
0.60 (0.16) [0.57–0.63] |
0.58 (0.16) [0.54–0.61] |
U = 458 p = 0.04* [−0.14 to −0.00] |
r = 0.24 [0.03–0.45] |
Note:
For the mixed multilevel modeling analyses, missing data were handled via maximum likelihood estimation. Table 2 presents the observed scores. [95% CI]b: 95% Confidence Interval for effect size is based on 1,000 bootstrap resamples of the mean difference (percentile interval). Common standardized effect size estimates: Cohen’s d: d = 0.2 (small effect), d = 0.5 (moderate effect) and d = 0.8 (large effect); Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test: r = 0.10 (small), r = 0.30 (moderate), r = 0.50 (large). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Holm adjusted).