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. 2023 Nov 30;14:1257085. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257085

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cytokine levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), healthy controls (HC), and patients with other autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Comparator groups included SLE, including active and inactive SLE, primary antiphospholipid syndrome (pAPS), AIDs other than SLE (mixed connective tissue disease, pAPS, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic sclerosis), and HC. The latter group for each comparison was used as reference. Red and blue colours denote upregulation and downregulation of cytokines, respectively. Comparisons with insufficient observations are indicated in grey. p values are derived from Mann-Whitney U tests. Statistically significant differences are denoted by asterisks. AID, autoimmune disease; BAFF, B cell activating factor belonging to the tumour necrosis factor ligand family; CCL13, C-C motif chemokine ligand 13; CCL17, C-C motif chemokine ligand 17; CCL18; C-C motif chemokine ligand 18; CCL2; C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCL20; C-C motif chemokine ligand 20; CCL3; C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; CCL4; C-C motif chemokine ligand 4; CCL5; C-C motif chemokine ligand 5; CCL7; C-C motif chemokine ligand 7; CCL8; C-C motif chemokine ligand 8; CRP, C-reactive protein, CXCL1, C-X-C motif ligand 1; CXCL10, C-X-C motif ligand 10; CXCL11, C-X-C motif ligand 11; CXCL13, C-X-C motif ligand 13, CXCL16, C-X-C motif ligand 16; CXCL5, C-X-C motif ligand 5; CXCL9, C-X-C motif ligand 9; DcR1, decoy receptor 1; DcR3, decoy receptor 3; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FasL; Fas ligand; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; GH, growth hormone; HC, healthy controls; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IFNGR1, interferon γ receptor 1; IL-10, interleukin 10; IL-12, interleukin 12; IL-13, interleukin 13; IL-17A, interleukin 17A; IL-17F, interleukin 17F; IL-18BP, interleukin 18 binding protein; IL-1R1, interleukin 1 receptor type 1; IL-1R2, interleukin 1 receptor type 2; IL-1RA, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-1α, interleukin 1α; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-2, interleukin 2; IL-22, interleukin 22; IL-23, interleukin 23; IL-27, interleukin 27; IL-28A, interleukin 28A; IL-2Rα, interleukin 2 receptor α; IL-31, interleukin 31; IL-33, interleukin 33; IL-5, interleukin 5; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-6Rα, interleukin 6 receptor α; IL-8, interleukin 8; IL-9; interleukin 9; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase 1; MMP-12, matrix metalloproteinase 12; MMP-13, matrix metalloproteinase 13; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 12; MMP-3, matrix metalloproteinase 3; MMP-7, matrix metalloproteinase 7; MMP-8, matrix metalloproteinase 8; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; MPO, myeloperoxidase; pAPS, primary antiphospholipid syndrome; PF4, platelet factor 4; PTX3, pentraxin 3; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFR2, tumour necrosis factor receptor 2; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF-C, vascular endothelial growth factor C; VEGFR3, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3.