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. 2023 Nov 30;14:1302227. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1302227

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) mitigates palmitic acid (PA)-induced protein aggregation. (A,C) Immunoblots for ubiquitin and sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) from Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions of HepG2 cells pretreated with the indicated concentrations of MSM (50–200 mM) for 1 h followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h. β-actin was used as a loading control. (B,D) Band intensities were quantified and normalized to the control levels. (E) Immunofluorescence staining for ubiquitin (green) and p62 (red) in HepG2 cells pretreated with 200 mM MSM for 1 h followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h. Nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; blue). Scale bar, 5 μm. (F) Images were quantified for corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) per unit area. Data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (one-way (B,D) or two-way (F) analysis of variance [ANOVA] followed by Tukey’s test).