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. 2023 Nov 30;14:1302227. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1302227

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6

Effects of MSM on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR)/UNC-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1) signaling pathway in PA-treated HepG2 cells and in the livers of HFD-fed mice. (A,C and I) HepG2 cells were pretreated with 100 mM MSM for 1 h followed by 500 μM PA treatment for the indicated time points. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. GAPDH or α-tubulin served as a loading control. (B,D and J) Band intensities were quantified and normalized to the control levels. (E,G and K) C57BL/6 male mice fed HFD were treated with PBS or 400 mg/kg/day p.o. MSM for 4 weeks. LFD-fed mice of the same age were used as a negative control. Liver tissue lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. β-actin or α-tubulin served as a loading control. (F, H, and L) Band intensities were quantified and normalized to the control levels. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test).