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. 2023 Nov 30;14:1302227. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1302227

FIGURE 7.

FIGURE 7

MSM enhances autophagy by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. (A) Immunoblots of p62 in the cell lysates of HepG2 cells pretreated with 20 µM compound C or 100 mM MSM for 30 min followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 9 h. (C) Immunoblots of p62 and TSC2 in the cell lysates of lentiviral sh-Luc- or sh-TSC2-infected HepG2 cells pretreated with 100 mM MSM for 30 min followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 9 h. (E) Immunoblots of p62 in the cell lysates of HepG2 cells pretreated with 100 nM rapamycin or 250 nM Torin 1 for 30 min followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 9 h. (G) Immunoblots of LC3 and p62 in the cell lysates of HepG2 cells pretreated with 250 nM Torin 1 for 1 h followed by 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h with or without bafilomycin A1 (100 nM) for the last 3 h (B,D,F and H) Band intensities were quantified and normalized to the control levels. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test). (I) Schematic diagram of the underlying mechanism of the protective effects of MSM against obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation in hepatocytes.