Fig. 1.

Difficult airway algorithm for neonates and infants.

The algorithm is divided into three sections: preparations, intubation attempts, and emergency pathway. During preparation the local situation and the expertise should be evaluated and the plan discussed with the team. Once intubation attempts are started, the clinical conditions of the patient should be evaluated after every attempt. The emergency pathway should be entered in case of an unstable patient. Every difficult case should be reviewed and discussed to learn from errors. ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; eFONA, emergency front of neck access; NMBA, neuromuscular blocking agents.