Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included cohort studies
| Study | Study design | Country | No. of participants | Glaucoma diagnosis | No. of glaucoma cases | Exposure | Dementia diagnosis | No. of dementia cases | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kessing et al. [21] (2007) | RC | Denmark | 410,544 | ICD-8, ICD-10 codes | 11,721 | POAG, PACG | ICD-8, ICD-10 codes | 13,314 | AD, other dementia |
| Ou et al. [22] (2012) | RC | USA | 126,650 | ICD-9 codes | 63,325 | OAG | ICD-9 codes | 40,528 | Dementia |
| Helmer et al. [24] (2013) | PC | France | 812 | Medical records validation | 41 | OAG | DSM-IV criteria | 41 | All-cause dementia |
| Ekstrom and Kilander [23] (2014) | RC | Sweden | 1,123 | Medical records validation | 368 | Pseudoexfoliation, OAG | Medical records validation | 174 | AD |
| Lin et al. [25] (2014) | RC | Taiwan | 19,895 | ICD-9 codes | 3,979 | POAG | ICD-9 codes | NR | AD, PD |
| Keenan et al. [26] (2015) | RC | UK | 2,623,130 | ICD-10 codes | 87,658 | POAG | ICD-10 codes | NR | AD, non-AD dementia |
| Su et al. [27] (2016) | RC | Taiwan | 32,545 | ICD-9 codes | 6,509 | POAG, PACG | ICD-9 codes | 1,601 | overall dementia |
| Chen et al. [28] (2018) | RC | China Taiwan | 76,585 | ICD-9 codes | 15,317 | NTG | ICD-9 codes | 3,597 | AD, other dementia |
| Moon et al. [29] (2018) | RC | Korea | 1,025,340 | KCD codes | 1,469 | OAG | KCD codes | 8,814 | AD |
| Lee et al. [30] (2019) | PC | USA | 3,877 | ICD-9 codes | 694 | Glaucoma | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 792 | AD, other dementia |
| Xiao et al. [31] (2020) | PC | Mainland China |
1,659 | Medical records validation | 41 | Glaucoma | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 292 | AD, dementia |
| Kuo et al. [32] (2020) | RC | Taiwan | 42,048 | ICD-9, ICD-10 codes | 21,024 | OAG, NTG, ACG | ICD-9, ICD-10 codes | 2,304 | AD, dementia |
| Belamkar et al. [33] (2021) | RC | USA (Minnesota) | 509 | Medical records validation | 509 | OAG | DSM-5 criteria | 217 | AD, dementia |
| Ekstrom et al. [34] (2021) | RC | Sweden | 1,533 | Medical records validation | 55 | OAG | Medical records validation | 307 | AD, other dementia |
| Hwang et al. [35] (2021) | PC | USA | 3,375 | ICD-9 codes | 601 | Glaucoma | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 480 | Dementia |
| Shang et al. [36] (2023) | PC | England | 112,364 | Medical records validation | 6,386 | Glaucoma | ICD-9, ICD-10 codes | 2,304 | Dementia |
| Park et al. [37] (2023) | RC | Korea | 788,961 | ICD-10 codes | 29,840 | Glaucoma | ICD-10 codes | 55,363 | Dementia |
| Kim and Lee [38] (2023) | RC | Korea | 4,375 | ICD-10 codes | 875 | POAG, PACG | ICD-10 codes | 524 | Dementia, AD, other dementia, PD |
RC = retrospective cohort; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; POAG = primary open-angle glaucoma; PACG = primary angle-closure glaucoma; AD = Alzheimer disease; OAG = open-angle glaucoma; PC = prospective cohort; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; NR = no record; PD = Parkinson disease; NTG = normal-tension glaucoma; KCD = Korean Classification of Diseases; NINCDS-ADRDA = National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; ACG = angle-closure glaucoma.