Figure 1.

Overview of metabolically measurable endpoints that could be plausibly related to carotenoids – from influences on gene transcription to downstream proteins and metabolites to further potential biological targets.

BCL, B cell lymphoma; BCO, β-carotene oxygenase; CAT, catalase; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; MDA, malondialdehyde; NQO, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MRP2, multiple drug resistance protein 2; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.